There is no "general patterns" to solve interactive problems. Interactive is just another way of input/output for problems: you give the judge some output, the judge answers you back with some input. You have to cleverly choose your output to get the answer you want from the judge.

Codeforces has an "interactive" problem tag which you can practice to familiarize yourself more. After that it should mostly be treated as a normal problem.

Here's a link to a contest with some interactive problems to try.

In general, many interactive tasks rely either on some form of binary search or on randomized algorithms, so it probably makes sense to start by considering these approaches. Randomized algorithms are especially useful on problems where it seems like you couldn't possibly have enough information to compute an answer. (One educational example is here.)