Bakry's blog

Codeforces Round #746 Editorial
By Bakry, history, 3 years ago, In English
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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +33 Vote: I do not like it

Wow, that was quick.

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +81 Vote: I do not like it

The contest was awesome, Even system testing was fast :D

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +52 Vote: I do not like it

In problem D, you can do binary search directly on the bfs order (search for the shortest prefix having value same as the value of whole array) which will save 1 query I think.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +33 Vote: I do not like it

    Also, Dfs order of edges without Euler tour traversal will work in 11 queries, But we didn't want to make the problem harder so we let ETT solutions pass.

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

      I think D can be solved in around $$$1 + 1.25 * log(N)$$$ querys for a general graph, by doing ternary search over the sets of nodes, even if edges from the graph are hidden. Sadly that was 1 extra query and i couln't solved it that way. Anyways, awesome problemset!

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

      _runtimeTerror_ Bakry I do understand why ETT works, but could you please explain why your approaches work?

      UPD: Already realized what's happening when using bfs/dfs. Just accepted it, 130744806 is my solution using bfs. Thanks!

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
        Vote: I like it +2 Vote: I do not like it

      yes i did this solution i think that the euler tour solution is much harder to realize though

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

      found it (Euler tour traversal)

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
        Vote: I like it +36 Vote: I do not like it

      I used a centroid decomposition solution, which passed in 11 queries for all system tests. However, there is a construction that makes it use $$$1 + log_{\sqrt{3}}n \approx 13$$$ queries. The construction is basically the pattern shown below, recursively expanded.

      130697675

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
          Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

        Could you elaborate on it being log in base sqrt(3)? I also did centroid decomposition

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          3 years ago, # ^ |
          ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +23 Vote: I do not like it

          Basically, this construction makes it so that the size of the tree only decreases by a factor of 3 every 2 queries.

          In the tree above, 1 is a set of 334 nodes, 2 is a set of 333 nodes, and 3 is a set of 332 nodes. The solution edge is somewhere in set #3.

          In the first query, the algorithm would query all of the nodes in set #1 and determine that the solution edge is either in set #2 or set #3.

          In the second query, the algorithm would query set #2 and determine that the solution edge is somewhere in set #3.

          We can then recursively construct the same tree structure in set #3.

          As you can see, we have used up 2 queries, but only decreased the size of the tree by a factor of 3. This means the algorithm will use $$$1 + log_{\sqrt{3}}n$$$ queries, which is just barely over the limit.

          I was able to hack your submission using a very similar test case.

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            3 years ago, # ^ |
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            Thanks a lot!

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            3 years ago, # ^ |
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            how are you always sure to reduce the tree by a factor of 3 at least?

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            3 years ago, # ^ |
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            I was also doing sort of centroid decomposition. If you have the time, you can try to hack my submission too. It passed all the hacks so far.

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              3 years ago, # ^ |
              ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +14 Vote: I do not like it

              I just hacked your submission. I'm pretty sure that any solution involving centroid decomposition can be hacked. Thanks for letting me know and making the test set stronger.

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                3 years ago, # ^ |
                  Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

                Thanks, I agree.

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

Thanks for the quick editorial

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

It was a miracle. compared to current speed of posting of editorials.

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

B is Great!!!

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +29 Vote: I do not like it

Loved problem E.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

    Can you please explain how to do E in detail?

    I can't understand so as to how to find the lower boundary ?

    How will you construct a mask for this and check for odd and even cases?

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

      Let ith bit is most important bit, that means, for all bits greater than ith bits, xor = AND = 0. So what you want is, when we are assuming ith bit is most important bit, can we somehow have only bits greater than equal to i, in each number of array and remove their lower bits. This can be achieved by taking bitwise AND of all numbers with a number which has bits>=i as set and bits <i as unset. All you need now is, in this modified array max length subarray with xor = 0.

      130719800

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3 years ago, # |
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What was the intuition to B? like I got to know that what will work but what is the line of thinking (approach) to solve this problem ?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +13 Vote: I do not like it

    My approach: We cannot move an element if i-x < 0 and i+x > n-1 (i is the index of the element), so its index must same as in the sorted array. We can swap the rest of the elements as we want.

    My Solution

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      What a lovely idea. I thought about something like this but still coudn't complete this idea. Thanks!

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

      can you tell me what should be the output for** ~~~~~ n= 5 x=3 arr[]= 5 4 3 2 1** ~~~~~

      and how?

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
          Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

        YES

        Explanation
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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

You could just sort the edges and do binary search on D

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

nice contest. fast systest and editorial :D

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3 years ago, # |
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Thanks for the fast editorial. For problem C, may I ask that how do we find the two required edges to break the tree into 3 parts with xor sum of each component equal to x in O(n) or O(n lg n) time? I have been trying to solve this problem but I am stuck at the implementation.

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

I Think, in problem A, ans should be "H / (x + y)" multiple by 2

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

    we've corrected it in the editorial

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Thank you for a great round and fast editorial!

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

Thanks for fast editorial!

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +41 Vote: I do not like it

Are there any provements for C that the deepest subtree erase is always right?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    If we do not choose the deepest subtree we might mistake choosing a subtree which has three (2n+1) subtrees in itself who individual XORes is equal to the XOR of all the nodes in the given tree. And unfortunately we might not find any other subtree with the required XOR.

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3 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

Problem D could've been solved relatively naively due to the limit being $$$n < 10^3$$$, ie. without any consideration in which order to process edges. Simply maintain the set $$$E$$$ of suspected edges and traverse graph in any way you like (in my case it was DFS) until you enumerate $$$|E| / 2$$$ suspected edges (for the binary search part; edge set will be denoted as $$$E'$$$). Collect all the visited nodes into a single query, and if this query gives the same result as the initial query for the whole graph, set $$$E = E'$$$. Otherwise, $$$E = E \setminus E'$$$.

Of course, each time we print a large portion of the tree just because we enumerate zounds of "unsuspected" edges. What I mean to say is that there was no need for consideration of Euler tours nor to care about efficient implementation.

Btw, this makes IO load equal to $$$O (n log n)$$$ rather than amortized $$$O(n)$$$ as in editorial.

Also, I liked this problem a lot :)

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Could you please explain why is it O(N log N)?

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      Most cases you will enumerate lots of edges that are not in set $$$E$$$, because we queried about them already. In other words, almost every query will be about a set of O(n) vertices. There are O(log n) queries, thus O(n log n) vertices printed in all the queries.

      For example, imagine a path of length 512. First you enumerate ~256 vertices. If the sought-after edge is not there, in the next query, if you start dfs from the same source, you need to query 256 + 128 = 384 vertices rather than just 128 (because first 256 vertices enumerate only edges not in $$$E$$$, and you need to print a whole connected component). Etc.

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
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        Though I checked my submission 130706195 and it seems that during the round I mitigated this problem, because I stored the visited component as a set of suspected edges from this component (the $$$qry$$$ variable). And instead of querying vertices from the whole component, I print only those adjacent to at least one $$$qry$$$ edge. It seems that this trick makes all queries to contain at most $$$n + 2n - 2$$$ vertices in total = $$$O(n)$$$.

        Anyway, $$$O(n log n)$$$ should pass as well (ie. if you stored vertices from the component rather than edges).

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    16 months ago, # ^ |
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    Sorry for the necropost, but I had a very similar idea in mind, and it looks like it is nlogn as well ( maybe nlog^2n ), but it TLEs. Not sure how to optimize it or if its even worth trying. Here is the link: 214129320 Could you let me know what I am missing or if I should just try and go for the intended sol?

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      16 months ago, # ^ |
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      Sorry for the late response: It seems that your search for a set of half of the edges is quadratic (due to running a BFS for each vertex). I did not analyse very deeply but this is what seems to be the case. And this complexity times twelve queries takes you above 1000ms time limit. At least it seems like so.

      Hint: It is much easier to switch your viewpoint from tracking vertices (ie. sub forests) to edges (this may very well be a set of disconnected edges). Just pick a set of edges to query for and the actual query is all vertices that are endpoints of the selected edges. Then you require only a single DFS / BFS per query (so that the endpoints do not mark unwanted edge that should belong to the set "right"; example if you are left with a path 1 — 2 — 3 — 4 and you want to select 2 edges, do not accidentally pick 1-2 and 3-4, because the set of all endpoints is {1,2,3,4} and it's incorrect. You should pick edges 1-2 and 2-3 or 2-3 and 3-4. The set of edges can be selected with a single DFS).

      [Edit] Hint 2: In this problem you can very easily prepare testcase with n = 1000, by just making a path or a star graph. Then you can play with where the bottleneck is.

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        16 months ago, # ^ |
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        Thank you so much for your very detailed response! I will look into it! Never too late of a response :)

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3 years ago, # |
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In problem A ans=(h/x+y)*2

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    we've corrected it in the editorial

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3 years ago, # |
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Could anyone please explain me that why does this submission 130717510 to D fail because I guess that this approach was fully correct. Moreover can anyone explain me why does this submission pass 130725042. I cannot find any valid reason for this and am doubting this to be a case of bad test cases

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Can anybody disprove the following?

We can split into 3 components if we can find a subtree (not the tree itself) that has $$$xor$$$ equal to the $$$xor$$$ of the whole tree.

I am getting wrong on the test 10, with this idea. Solution.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

    Assuming that other nodes count is > 1, you guarantee that you can split them into 2 components with equal xor value, but this value is not necessarily = the whole tree xor.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    1
    3 69
    2 2 3
    1 2
    1 3

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +57 Vote: I do not like it

Now this is a great round. A-C were creative and easy to code, D required some implementation, E was just beautiful and no "fancy" algorithms appeared until F2, the hardest problem.

A perfect example of how div2 rounds should be prepared.

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3 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

rel-a-table

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +22 Vote: I do not like it

Systest for C seems to be weak. I wrote something nonsensical (count all edges that can split the graph into zero and the target xor value). But it can be uphacked with this simple test case:

1 
5 3
1 1 1 1 3
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
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3 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

For problem D maybe my solution can be hacked because my basic idea was finding maximum edge at first by 1 query. After that split the tree to 2 trees so that new smaller trees have 1 common node and their union is current tree. Also while choosing this 2 trees we are minimizing their size difference. Now after splitting we can easily ask one query about them and determine which one includes max edge and continue to process until our tree has only 2 nodes. This works quite well but I can't create worst case scenario If you know how to do it please share your ideas. my code

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    My friend hacked my solution post-contest with randomly generated trees.

    My solution selects half of the remaining nodes by starting from a random node and dfs, and repeat if necessary.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

    Hacked with a tree, where each node has $$$9$$$ children. $$$n=820$$$, it has $$$3$$$ layers, and in the worst case it is $$$4$$$ question to handle each of them. $$$3*4+1>12$$$. I think a similar construction works, where each node has $$$5$$$ children.

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3 years ago, # |
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How can E be solved in $$$O(NlogN)$$$? According to editorial, it looks like the time complexity should be $$$O(N^2 logN)$$$

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +9 Vote: I do not like it

    I only know a solution in Nlog(max A), I think the editorial meant that it's solved by iterating k giving total complexity N(logN ?)logmaxA. One observation you can do is that you can split the array into intervals [x, y], where for all positions k is set, and then find tho positions which are furthest apart with the same xor (in the interval [x-1, y]), but with the same parity of indices.

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3 years ago, # |
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In problem E, shouldn't be $$$r-l+1$$$ is even, instead of odd?

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3 years ago, # |
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As always, here are the video solutions to the first three problems : solutions

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3 years ago, # |
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It's not solution but I want to share idea about 1592D - Hemose in ICPC ?. You should know that tree is bipartite graph. Let's say one partition is array a, and other partition is array b. Request answer for 1,2,...,n. Let's say it's r. Now, repeat following:

  • if partition a bigger than b, just swap them.
  • now split array b (array of vertices) into two halves c and d, or closest size. Because in bipartite graph each edge goes from one partition to other, we get that edges connecting a and c are different to edges connecting a and d, and together they make whole set of edges between a and b.
  • ask about vertices a + c.
  • if result is less than r, then say new partitions are a and d, otherwise new partitions are a and c.

Do this until we get 1 vertex in both partitions. I didn't proof how many requests it does in worst case, but I guess it's around 17 (case 500 size of both partitions). So it's a little bit more than we can afford. Sad. But very easy to implement. 130691922

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    For some reason, if I remove isolated vertices each time before the check for swap, then it get wrong answer, but it should be request limit exceed if idea above is correct. Something is wrong. 130827040

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      I found bug. Proof above is wrong.

      Why?
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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +20 Vote: I do not like it

The contest was fun, but i think the editorial is kinda bad. For example, on E, what is "which can be solved easily in O(NlogN)" supposed to mean? If you're not gonna explain the solution at least put code so people can learn what to do.

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3 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

me: thinks I can pass 1000 this round

codeforces: nope, here's your 999

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3 years ago, # |
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Can someone break my idea for D? Im finding the centroid of the tree and doing a knapsack to find the value closest to n/2 you can get by summing subtrees of the children of the centroid and do a query with those subtrees + the centroid. If the value you get by doing it is less than the answer, you remove all those children from the tree (i.e mark them) and repeat that algorithm until i have 2 nodes.

Code: 130722106

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3 years ago, # |
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why we multiple by 2 in problem a?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Because we're using two weapons. Think of the case where h = 10 and the two weapons are 5 and 4

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      bro i don't understand all equations for problem a Can you explain them?

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
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        Assuming you understood the first part of the editorial:

        The ammount of times we can be 100% confident we can use both weapons will be h/(x+y) (the ammount of times we can fit both of them in h).

        That would cost (h/(x+y))*2 operations and leave h-(h/(x+y))*(x+y) hp remaining (each time we take x+y hp off, and we will do it h/(x+y) times). We can notice that this is the remainder on the division of h by (x+y), or h mod(x+y) or in c++ h%(x+y).

        Since the hp remaning after that will be smaller than x+y, you will either use x or x and y if it is bigger than x.

        If you still cant get it, do some cases by hand and/or read the editorial and this comment again

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3 years ago, # |
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Hemose Bakry there is unproved part for C. "If you can partition the tree into m components".. how do I prove this?

Can you please help in proving if these (below) are the components with every one of them with xor=x, we can have another set of 3 legal components?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    you cant partition into those components in the first place because you cant get that by removing edges

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3 years ago, # |
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In problem C, Can anyone explain how do we search for the 2 edges in the tree?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Video explaining the idea

    Basically once we fix the first edge, I explain how all edges fall under 2 categories:

    1)An ancestor to its parent and

    2)A vertex from a disjoint subtree of an ancestor to its child Then I explain how we can check for these 2 cases in the DFS.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Or you can also just count number of edges (say cnt) s.t the subtree corresponding to these edges have xor = 0 or xr (=xor of whole tree)

    ans = (cnt >=2 ? "YES" : "NO")

    My submission: 130710063

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      11 months ago, # ^ |
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      your solution is not giving correct answer for below testcase:

      1

      6 4

      10 1 1 1 1 1

      1 2

      2 3

      3 4

      4 5

      5 6

      Expected: NO

      your solution ans: YES

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3 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +21 Vote: I do not like it

F1 and F2 are one of the best F problems I have seen before: It's really difficult to come up with the correct ideas, but the solutions are quite short.

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3 years ago, # |
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In the editorial of F2, perhaps "if" is spelled wrong in the last paragraph:(

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    "if and only if" is sometimes shortened to "iff". Link.

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      Oh, I have known that know. Sorry for my poor English:(

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3 years ago, # |
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Can someone give me a solution to D problem in simpler words, I just can't understand it from the editorial.

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    check this URL to understand what is euler tour https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/euler-tour-tree, and we generate an euler tour array from the input tree, then use binary search to find the edge with maximum dist

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      Why does binary search in the Euler Tour yields the right answer?

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
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        Let's define Dist(u,v) as the greatest common divisor of the weights of all edges on the path from node u to node v.

        means the maximum dist in this tree is simply a maximum weight edge from u to v, because a >= gcd(a,b) for all positive integers

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          3 years ago, # ^ |
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          I understand that. What I don't get is: how do you know that when you choose the midpoint in the binary search, you're not "breaking an edge"? In other words, how do you know that all the edges you have to consider will be either in the left or the right part of subarray you're considering?

          PS: I can see why that won't happen in the first 2 splits, but I can't see why it'll never happen.

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            3 years ago, # ^ |
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            there is no way to break an edge since we only do binary search on nodes, in one search we decide to search the node's left or node's right (here left/right means left/right in euler tour array)

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              3 years ago, # ^ |
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              1 2 3 2 4 2 1 5 6 7 6 5 8 5 1

              Assume the answer is edge 5-6. Let's say that the first binsearch split gives you:

              6 7 6 5 8 5 1

              Now, the second split will query either

              "6 7 6" or "5 8 5 1"

              and neither has the answer (5-6).

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                3 years ago, # ^ |
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                in the second split we will split the arr into (6,7,6,5) and (5,8,5,1), then ask whether the left part has the maximum.

                here's my code

                        while (l + 1 < r) {
            int m = (l + r) / 2;
            get arr from euler arr[l,m](l and m inclusive)
            int t = ask(arr);
            if (t == target) {
                r = m;
            } else {
                l = m;
            }
        }
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                  3 years ago, # ^ |
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                  Why does the second split will split into (6,7,6,5) and (5,8,5,1) rather than (6,7,6) and (5,8,5,1)?

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      Thanks for the explanation got it.

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3 years ago, # |
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Nice Contest and finally I have become a PUPIL.

I was able to solve both A and B within 45 mins for the first time and got stuck at C without knowing trees .

Can anyone explain E please?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    nice bro i was stuck on B for almost the whole contest lol had to solve C and D and I found them much easier than B :(

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3 years ago, # |
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In D can't we just take half the edges every time?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    We can't do this in simple way. Because edges are defined by vertices we ask. So if we want to check edges (1,2) and (3,4) just two edges, then answer to our question will also may have edge (2,3) if (2,3) is connected in initial graph.

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      r57shell, can you explain why the binary search on the Euler Tour will never "leave edges behind"? Like, edges whose one endpoint is to the left of the midpoint and the other endpoint is to the right. I understand that that won't happen on the first or second split, but it's not clear why that won't happen as the binary search progresses.

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        3 years ago, # ^ |
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        Explanation turned out to be long
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          3 years ago, # ^ |
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          But when you go through (u, v) the first time, you add "u v" to the Euler Tour. The second time you go through (u, v), you add "v u". Assuming the answer is (u, v), isn't it possible that one of the binary search splits will put "u v" in separate segments ("u | v"), pick the segment that contains "v u" (since that is the answer) and later on another binary search split will put "v u" in separate segments ("v | u") and now the answer won't be in either segment?

          Maybe you tried to answer that, but I still can't see why that wouldn't happen...

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            3 years ago, # ^ |
            ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

            Ah, you should not do that. You should cut segment by half of its edges, it's not the same as to cut array of vertices into two halves. You either take edge u->v or not take. If in first choice is M edges, then in other is N-M edges where N is total edges (not vertices).

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Lets say we did simpe dfs and got edges as {1,2} {2,3} {1,4} {4,5} {1,6} {6,7}

    Now lets query for first three edges

    query({1,2}{2,3}{1,4}) === query(1,2,3,4) To ask a query about a set of k nodes v1,v2,…,vk (2≤k≤n2≤k≤n, 1≤vi≤n1≤vi≤n, all vi are distinct)

    we get the max gcd and max gcd edge was actually there in our query edge set. But what if we query last three edges

    Query ({4,5} {1,6} {6,7}) === query (4,5,1,7)

    Note that result of this query we will get, would still be max gcd, coz 1 and 4 is present in the query and so the edge {1,4} . However, our edge set for this query didn’t have this edge.

    So, we need to use edge set formed using Euler tour.

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3 years ago, # |
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For F2, I don't think we need to search for all the values of k in: 0<=k<=K, because using the second operation once saves us one coin (with type one operation we will use 3 coins and with type 2 we will use 2 coins). The only corner case is by using the second operation we might change a[n][m] from 0 to 1, but even in that case, it can be rectified with just one additional coin which was our profit from the last type 2 operation we made.

Thus using the maximum number of type 2 operations always works :)

Thanks for an amazing contest and a really amazing set of problems. Liked the E problem especially.

I hope you would do this change in F2's tutorial so that it becomes slightly easier for the viewers to understand and code :)

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3 years ago, # |
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finally a specialist =)

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3 years ago, # |
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in problem E how do you check the condition that pref[r] ^ pref[l-1]==0 fast?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    maintain lastSeen[pref[x]] in an array

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3 years ago, # |
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The Observations in the Div2 C question is same as this question — https://codeforces.net/problemset/problem/1516/B

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3 years ago, # |
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My explanation for Problem E. Commented source code, see 130804026.

Let's look at $$$2, 3, 5, 3, 7, 5, 1, 4$$$. I will write the numbers in binary in columns:

What the task now translates to is: Find the longest row of continuous $$$1$$$s with the following property: The length of the sequence is even and each horizontal segment above your sequence contains an even number of $$$1$$$s. Examples are:

Only the first and the last example are valid. The last one is the longest valid example. How do we find this longest sequence? We will need to iterate over each bit (row) and each value (column). Let's assume we iterate over row $$$k$$$

. What we now want is a prefix-xor-sum for all values above our row $$$k$$$ (those are called important in the editorial).

We also color the values in the xor-sum alternating in 2 colors. We will need this to achieve the even length of the sequence. Now we iterate row $$$k$$$ with $$$r$$$ from left to right and for each $$$r$$$ we keep the value $$$l$$$ which denotes the last position with a $$$0$$$ (We handle position 0 as also having value $$$0$$$, so $$$l$$$ starts with 0):

We now want to to find the smallest $$$l_{ans}$$$ such that $$$l \leq l_{ans} \leq r$$$ and that the xor-sum of all values in $$$(l_{ans},r]$$$ is equal to $$$0$$$. This is equivalent to finding $$$l_{ans}$$$ such that the xor-sums of $$$(0, l_{ans}]$$$ and $$$(0, r]$$$ are equal. To achieve the parity in the length of the segment we also need, that $$$r$$$ and $$$l_{ans}$$$ have the same color:

How do we find this $$$l_{ans}$$$? We could create a map that saves for each possible xor-sum value and both colors all the positions this xor-sum appears at and then do a binary search. This would get as a $$$\log(N)$$$ for the binary search and a $$$\log(a_i)$$$ for the map and this will TLE 130742189. We can replace the map with just a vector with $$$2^{20}$$$ values. This will get accepted, but just barely 130742292! Another improvement is, we do not need the binary search. While iterating $$$r$$$ we can keep for each possible xor-sum the earliest appearance in our $$$1$$$ s-segment. This way we get rid of the second $$$\log(N)$$$-factor and this solution gets accepted easily 130804026. The final complexity is $$$O(N \log a_i)$$$, for iterating both $$$k$$$ and $$$r$$$.

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3 years ago, # |
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Why in C we do we need to go to the deepest subtree? Why can't we take any subtree whose xor is x?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    data

    XOR value of subtree 3 is 4.
    But if you delete the edge (2,3) first, it is impossible to partition the tree into three components with equal XOR values.

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3 years ago, # |
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C is really nice, the m-2 idea is sneaky

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3 years ago, # |
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I'm trying to solve problem D in the following way:

After getting max value by querying N nodes, query for N/2 nodes.

If the ans is less than max, then remove all the edges which are made up these nodes at both the ends.

If the ans is max, then keep all the edges which are made up these nodes at both the ends, remove other edges.

With the help of remaining edges, again figure out N/4 nodes, and query it. Keep going this way, and in the end, only one edge will remain.

Any issue with this approach?

The solution is failing : https://codeforces.net/contest/1592/submission/130812435 . Is there a logical bug or an implementation bug?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    In this way, you cannot guarantee every time you make a query, you really half the size of the set of possible edges that could becomes the answer. I believe that some of the pretests block this approach but I'm not sure .

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3 years ago, # |
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In the F1 problem , the editorial makes a new grid using parity of sum of (i,j) , (i+1,j) , (i,j+1) and (i+1,j+1) and solves for this one...is this a common technique?

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 7   Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

    To get a feeling, you can look at it the other way first. If you want to flip $$$(x,y)$$$ using rectangles containing $$$(1,1)$$$ without flipping other cells, how do you achieve this? You achieve this, by doing operations on $$$(x-1,y-1)$$$, $$$(x-1,y)$$$, $$$(x,y-1)$$$ and $$$(x,y)$$$. If you got several bits you want to flip, then you can add those operations. You notice, doing this operation twice on a cell will keep everything the same. So we can handle the operations as "activate" and "deactivate" the operation on some $$$(a,b)$$$. The editorial now turns this around, by transforming each 4-operations flip into a single cell. This is easily possible, because we found a sequence of operations, that flip exactly one cell.

    I guess you can find similarities to [Lights Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Out_(game)) (I'm really sorry, I somehow can't link this. Guess because there are brackets in the link maybe...?) although the transformation is not so easy, because there is no simple sequence to swap exactly one cell in this case.

    You could also try and learn more about linear algebra to get a better feeling for this.

    So yes, I'd say it is a useful technique to group some operations with special properties and then transform the problem into that group-view.

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3 years ago, # |
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Someone please help me find the mistake in my code for problem 2c....it is giving TLE on 3rd test case (https://codeforces.net/contest/1592/submission/131055533)

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3 years ago, # |
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His all submissions in this contest are shrinked deliberately. I know it is rule violation. 130676197

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3 years ago, # |
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Can anybody please share the implementation for problem c and possibly explain how exactly are we going to do what has been mentioned as the last step in the editorial?

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