#	User	Rating
1	tourist	4009
2	jiangly	3823
3	Benq	3738
4	Radewoosh	3633
5	jqdai0815	3620
6	orzdevinwang	3529
7	ecnerwala	3446
8	Um_nik	3396
9	ksun48	3390
10	gamegame	3386

#	User	Contrib.
1	cry	167
2	Um_nik	163
3	maomao90	162
3	atcoder_official	162
5	adamant	159
6	-is-this-fft-	158
7	awoo	157
8	TheScrasse	154
9	Dominater069	153
9	nor	153

Template I developed while moving from CM to Master

I feel quite proud of the template I built up while gaining several hundred rating points earlier this year, so I'm sharing it here. I'll organize this post as follows: 1. Links to the template 2. Demos of specific cool tricks that the template allows 3. Why a good template is important, aka what a good template can (and can't) do for you

I hope the code is readable enough so people can steal just a few of my tricks if that's what seems useful to them. Also very interested in feedback or suggestions about how to make the template more useful! Links to the template

Here are github links to the version as of 2022-08-19 and the current version.

In case someone prefers to see it within Codeforces...

Here is the same 2022-08-19 template.

#pragma region
#ifdef _OPENMP
    #include <omp.h>
#endif
#ifdef DCCLYDE_LOCAL
    #include "/home/dcclyde/puzzles/code/templates/superheader.h"
#else
    #define NDEBUG  // don't bother with assertions on the judge server.
    #include <tgmath.h>
    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    #include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
    #include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
#endif
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;

#define CLEAN 0
#define CF 1
#define GCJ 2

using ll = long long;
using db = long double; // or double, if TL is tight
using str = string; // yay python!

// pairs
using pi = pair<int,int>;
using pl = pair<ll,ll>;
using pd = pair<db,db>;
//// I'm not used to the defs above.
using pii = pair<int,int>;
using pll = pair<ll,ll>;
using pdd = pair<db,db>;
#define mp make_pair
#define MP make_pair
#define MT make_tuple
#define f first
#define s second

#define tcT template<class T
#define tcTU tcT, class U
// ^ lol this makes everything look weird but I'll try it
tcT> using V = vector<T>;
tcT, size_t SZ> using AR = array<T,SZ>;
using vi = V<int>;
using vb = V<bool>;
using vl = V<ll>;
using vll = V<ll>;
using vd = V<db>;
using vs = V<str>;
using vpi = V<pii>;
using vpii = V<pii>;
using vpl = V<pll>;
using vpll = V<pll>;
using vpd = V<pdd>;

// vectors
// size(x), rbegin(x), rend(x) need C++17
#define sz(x) int((x).size())
#define bg(x) begin(x)
#define all(x) bg(x), end(x)
#define rall(x) x.rbegin(), x.rend()
#define sor(x) sort(all(x))
#define rsz resize
#define ins insert
#define pb push_back
#define eb emplace_back
#define emp emplace
#define ft front()
#define bk back()

//// #define lb lower_bound
//// #define ub upper_bound
//// tcT> int lwb(V<T>& a, const T& b) { return int(lb(all(a),b)-bg(a)); }
//// tcT> int upb(V<T>& a, const T& b) { return int(ub(all(a),b)-bg(a)); }

// bitwise ops
// also see https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html
constexpr int pct(int x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); } // # of bits set bits_set
constexpr ll pct(ll x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); }
constexpr int bigbit(int x) { // assert(x >= 0); // make C++11 compatible until USACO updates ...
    return x == 0 ? 0 : 31-__builtin_clz(x); } // floor(log2(x))
constexpr int bigbitll(ll x) { // assert(x >= 0); // make C++11 compatible until USACO updates ...
    return x == 0 ? 0 : 63-__builtin_clzll(x); } // floor(log2(x))
constexpr int p2(int x) { return 1<<x; }
constexpr int msk2(int x) { return p2(x)-1; }

ll cdiv(ll a, ll b) { return a/b+((a^b)>0&&a%b); } // divide a by b rounded up
ll fdiv(auto a, auto b) { return a/b-((a^b)<0&&a%b); } // divide a by b rounded down

ll powll(ll b, ll e) {
    ll out = 1;
    while (e) {
        if (e&1) {out *= b;}
        b *= b; e >>= 1;
    }
    return out;
}
ll powmod(ll b, ll e, ll mod) {
    ll out = 1;
    while (e) {
        if (e&1) {out *= b; out %= mod;}
        b *= b; b %= mod; e >>= 1;
    }
    return out;
}

tcTU> bool ckmin(T& a, const U& b) {
    return (T)b < a ? a = (T)b, 1 : 0; } // set a = min(a,b)
tcTU> bool ckmax(T& a, const U& b) {
    return a < (T)b ? a = (T)b, 1 : 0; } // set a = max(a,b)

int maxi(int a, int b) {return max((int)a, (int)b);}
int mini(int a, int b) {return min((int)a, (int)b);}
ll maxll(ll a, ll b) {return max((ll)a, (ll)b);}
ll minll(ll a, ll b) {return min((ll)a, (ll)b);}


template <typename, typename = void>
constexpr bool is_iterable_v{};

template <typename T>
constexpr bool is_iterable_v<
    T,
    std::void_t< decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
                decltype(std::declval<T>().end())
    >
> = true;

template <typename, typename=void>
constexpr bool is_tuplelike_v{};

template <typename T>
constexpr bool is_tuplelike_v<
    T,
    void_t<
        decltype(std::get<0>(declval<T>())),
        decltype(std::tuple_size_v<T>)
    >
> = true;

// Safe hash maps. See https://codeforces.net/blog/entry/62393
struct custom_hash {
    static uint64_t splitmix64(uint64_t x) {
        // http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
        x += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
        x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9;
        x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb;
        return x ^ (x >> 31);
    }

    size_t operator()(uint64_t x) const {
        static const uint64_t FIXED_RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
        return splitmix64(x + FIXED_RANDOM);
    }
    template<class T, class U>
    size_t operator()(const pair<T,U>& x) const {
        uint64_t a = (*this)(x.first);
        uint64_t b = (*this)(x.second);
        return a + 3*b;
    }

    template<class T, size_t k>
    void op_tuplehelper(size_t& out, T t) const {
        out += (*this)(get<k>(t)) * (k+1)*(k+1);
        if constexpr (k < tuple_size_v<T> - 1) {
            op_tuplehelper<T, k+1>(out, t);
        }
    }
    template <typename X>
    typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<X>, size_t>::type operator()(const X& t) const {
        size_t out = 0;
        op_tuplehelper<X, 0>(out, t);
        return out;
    }

    template <typename A>
    typename enable_if<is_iterable_v<A>, size_t>::type operator()(const A& v) const {
        uint64_t out = 0;
        uint64_t offset = 1;
        for (const auto& x : v) {
            uint64_t curr = (*this)(x);
            out ^= curr * offset;
            offset *= 3;
        }
        return out;
    }
};

template<class A, class B> using umap = gp_hash_table<A,B,custom_hash>;
// template<class A, class B> using umap = unordered_map<A,B,custom_hash>;  // slower?
// template<class A, class B> using umap = map<A,B>;  // ok for tiny cases?
// template<class A, class B> using umap = unordered_map<A,B>;  // slower and unsafe?

template<class A> using uset = gp_hash_table<A,null_type,custom_hash>;
// template<class A> using uset = unordered_set<A, custom_hash>;
// template<class A> using uset = set<A>;
// template<class A> using uset = unordered_set<A>;

#define unordered_map DCCLYDE_REMINDER_DONT_USE_UNPROTECTED_HASH_MAP
#define unordered_set DCCLYDE_REMINDER_DONT_USE_UNPROTECTED_HASH_SET


// loops
#define CONCAT_INNER(a, b) a ## b
#define CONCAT(a, b) CONCAT_INNER(a, b)
#define FORll(i,a,b) for (ll i = ((ll)a); i < ((ll)b); ++i)
#define FORint(i,a,b) for (int i = ((int)a); i < ((int)b); ++i)
// #define FOR3(i,a,b) for (int i = (a); i < (b); ++i)
#define FOR3(i,a,b) FORll(i,a,b)
#define F0R(i,a) FOR(i,0,a)
#define FOR2(i,a) FOR(i,0,a)
#define ROFll(i,a,b) for (ll i = ((ll)b)-1; i >= ((ll)a); --i)
#define ROFint(i,a,b) for (int i = ((int)b)-1; i >= ((int)a); --i)
// #define ROF(i,a,b) for (int i = (b)-1; i >= (a); --i)
#define ROF(i,a,b) ROFll(i,a,b)
#define R0F(i,a) ROF(i,0,a)
#define rep(a) F0R(CONCAT(_,__LINE__),a)
#define each(a,x) for (auto& a: x)
#define foreach(a,x) each(a,x)

#define FOR1(x) for(auto x)
#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
auto stepped_iota(ll start, ll end, ll step=1) {
    ll iter_count = cdiv(end-start, step);
    ckmax(iter_count, 0);
  return std::ranges::views::iota(0LL, iter_count) |
         std::ranges::views::transform([=](ll x) { return x * step + start; });
}
#define FOR4(i,s,e,step) for(auto i : stepped_iota(s, e, step))
#else
#define FOR4(i,s,e,step) for(ll i = s; i != e && ((i<e) == (s<e)) ; i += step)
#endif

// just as an example of how to iterate in reverse order
// for(auto& x : dat | views::reverse) {}

#define GET_MACRO(_1,_2,_3,_4,NAME,...) NAME
#define FOR(...) GET_MACRO(__VA_ARGS__, FOR4, FOR3, FOR2, FOR1)(__VA_ARGS__)

#pragma region  // rangeint
V<int> rangeint(int start, int end, int inc=1) {
    V<int> out;
    if (inc > 0) {
        for(int curr = start; curr < end; curr += inc) {
            out.push_back(curr);
        }
        return out;
    } else {
        for(int curr = start; curr > end; curr += inc) {
            out.push_back(curr);
        }
        return out;
    }
}
#pragma endregion

// const int MX = 2e5+5;
const ll BIG = 1e18; // not too close to LLONG_MAX
const db PI = acos((db)-1);
//// const int dx[4]{1,0,-1,0}, dy[4]{0,1,0,-1}; // for every grid problem!!
vector<pii> stepsOrthogonal = {{1,0},{0,1},{-1,0},{0,-1}};
vector<pii> stepsDiagonal = {{1,1},{1,-1},{-1,-1},{-1,1}};
vector<pii> steps8dirs = {{1,0},{0,1},{-1,0},{0,-1},{1,1},{1,-1},{-1,1},{-1,-1}};
mt19937 rng((uint32_t)chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
#pragma region  // rng examples
// std::uniform_real_distribution<db> rand_dbl(0, 1);  // [L, R)
// db ard = unif_db(rng);
// std::uniform_int_distribution<int> rand_int(1, 2);  // inclusive
// int ri = rand_int(rng);
#pragma endregion
template<class T> using pqg = priority_queue<T,vector<T>,greater<T>>;

tcT> ll fstTrue(ll lo, ll hi, T f) {
    ++hi; assert(lo <= hi); // assuming f is increasing
    while (lo < hi) { // find first index such that f is true
        ll mid = lo+(hi-lo)/2;
        f(mid) ? hi = mid : lo = mid+1;
    }
    return lo;
}
tcT> ll lstTrue(ll lo, ll hi, T f) {
    --lo; assert(lo <= hi); // assuming f is decreasing
    while (lo < hi) { // find first index such that f is true
        ll mid = lo+(hi-lo+1)/2;
        f(mid) ? lo = mid : hi = mid-1;
    }
    return lo;
}
tcT> void remDup(vector<T>& v) { // sort and remove duplicates
    sort(all(v)); v.erase(unique(all(v)),end(v)); }
tcTU> void erase(T& t, const U& u) { // don't erase element that doesn't exist from (multi)set
    auto it = t.find(u); assert(it != end(t));
    t.erase(it); }

// use like sumv(all(dat))
template<class ForwardIt>
auto sumv(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last)
{
    /**
        Careful: accumulation in int could overflow.
        Therefore, make `out` an ll if the data is any integer type.
        Otherwise, out is the same type as the data.
     */
    typename std::conditional<
        std::is_integral<typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::value_type>::value,
        ll,
        typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::value_type
    >::type out {};
    for (; first != last; ++first) {
        out += *first;
    }
    return out;
}
template<class T> auto sumv(T&& data) {return sumv(all(data));}
template<class T> auto max_element(T&& data) {return *max_element(all(data));}
template<class T> auto min_element(T&& data) {return *min_element(all(data));}


#define tcTUU tcT, class ...U

inline namespace Helpers {
    // is_readable
    tcT, class = void> struct is_readable : false_type {};
    tcT> struct is_readable<T,
            typename std::enable_if_t<
                is_same_v<decltype(cin >> declval<T&>()), istream&>
            >
        > : true_type {};
    tcT> constexpr bool is_readable_v = is_readable<T>::value;

    // is_printable
    // // https://nafe.es/posts/2020-02-29-is-printable/
    tcT, class = void> struct is_printable : false_type {};
    tcT> struct is_printable<T,
            typename std::enable_if_t<
                is_same_v<decltype(cout << declval<T>()), ostream&>
            >
        > : true_type {};
    tcT> constexpr bool is_printable_v = is_printable<T>::value;


    tcT> typename enable_if<!is_iterable_v<T> && !is_tuplelike_v<T>, void>::type increment_one(T& x, int inc) {x += inc;}
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<T>, void>::type increment_one(T& t, int inc);
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_iterable_v<T>, void>::type increment_one(T& t, int inc) { for(auto&& x : t) {increment_one(x, inc);} }

    template<class T, size_t k>
    void increment_one_tuplehelper(T& t, int inc) {
        increment_one(get<k>(t), inc);
        if constexpr (k < tuple_size_v<T> - 1) {
            increment_one_tuplehelper<T, k+1>(t, inc);
        }
    }
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<T>, void>::type increment_one(T& t, int inc) {
        increment_one_tuplehelper<T,0>(t, inc);
    }

    void increment() {} // add one to each, for output.  BE CAREFUL TO UNDO MODIFICATIONS
    tcTUU> void increment(T& t, U&... u) { increment_one(t,+1); increment(u...); }
    void decrement() {} // subtract one from each, for input. MODIFICATION IS THE GOAL
    tcTUU> void decrement(T& t, U&... u) { increment_one(t,-1); decrement(u...); }
}

inline namespace Input {
    tcT> constexpr bool needs_input_v = !is_readable_v<T> && is_iterable_v<T>;

    tcTUU> void re(T& t, U&... u);
    tcTU> void re(pair<T,U>& p); // pairs

    // re: read
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_readable_v<T>,void>::type re(T& x) { cin >> x; } // default
    tcT> void re(complex<T>& c) { T a,b; re(a,b); c = {a,b}; } // complex
    tcT> typename enable_if<needs_input_v<T>,void>::type re(T& i); // ex. vectors, arrays
    tcTU> void re(pair<T,U>& p) { re(p.first,p.second); }
    template<class A,class B,class C> void re(tuple<A,B,C>& t) {auto& [a,b,c]=t; re(a,b,c);}
    template<class A,class B,class C, class D> void re(tuple<A,B,C,D>& t) {auto& [a,b,c,d]=t; re(a,b,c,d);}
    template<class A,class B,class C, class D, class E> void re(tuple<A,B,C>& t) {auto& [a,b,c,d,e]=t; re(a,b,c,d,e);}
    template<class A,class B,class C, class D, class E, class F> void re(tuple<A,B,C>& t) {auto& [a,b,c,d,e,f]=t; re(a,b,c,d,e,f);}
    tcT> typename enable_if<needs_input_v<T>,void>::type re(T& i) {
        each(x,i) re(x); }
    tcTUU> void re(T& t, U&... u) { re(t); re(u...); } // read multiple

    // rv: resize and read vectors
    void rv(size_t) {}
    tcTUU> void rv(size_t N, V<T>& t, U&... u);
    template<class...U> void rv(size_t, size_t N2, U&... u);
    tcTUU> void rv(size_t N, V<T>& t, U&... u) {
        t.resize(N); re(t);
        rv(N,u...); }
    template<class...U> void rv(size_t, size_t N2, U&... u) {
        rv(N2,u...); }
    void rv1(size_t) {}
    tcTUU> void rv1(size_t N, V<T>& t, U&... u) {
        t.resize(N); re(t); for(auto& x : t) decrement(x);
        rv1(N,u...); }


    // dumb shortcuts to read in ints
    #define ints(...) int __VA_ARGS__; re(__VA_ARGS__);
    #define int1(...) ints(__VA_ARGS__); decrement(__VA_ARGS__);
    #define chars(...) char __VA_ARGS__; re(__VA_ARGS__);
    #define lls(...) ll __VA_ARGS__; re(__VA_ARGS__);
    #define ll1(...) lls(__VA_ARGS__); decrement(__VA_ARGS__);
    #define strings(...) string __VA_ARGS__; re(__VA_ARGS__);
}

inline namespace ToString {
    tcT> constexpr bool needs_output_v = !is_printable_v<T> && is_iterable_v<T>;

    // ts: string representation to print
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_printable_v<T>,str>::type ts(T v) {
        stringstream ss; ss << fixed << setprecision(15) << v;
        return ss.str(); } // default
    tcT> str bit_vec(T t) { // bit vector to string
        str res = "{"; F0R(i,sz(t)) res += ts(t[i]);
        res += "}"; return res; }
    str ts(V<bool> v) { return bit_vec(v); }
    template<size_t SZ> str ts(bitset<SZ> b) { return bit_vec(b); } // bit vector
    tcTU> str ts(pair<T,U> p); // pairs
    tcT> typename enable_if<needs_output_v<T>,str>::type ts(T v); // vectors, arrays
    tcTU> str ts(pair<T,U> p) { return "("+ts(p.first)+", "+ts(p.second)+")"; }
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_iterable_v<T>,str>::type ts_sep(T v, str sep) {
        // convert container to string w/ separator sep
        bool fst = 1; str res = "";
        for (const auto& x: v) {
            if (!fst) res += sep;
            fst = 0; res += ts(x);
        }
        return res;
    }
    tcT> typename enable_if<needs_output_v<T>,str>::type ts(T v) {
        return "{"+ts_sep(v,", ")+"}"; }

    // for nested DS
    template<int, class T> typename enable_if<!needs_output_v<T>,vs>::type
      ts_lev(const T& v) { return {ts(v)}; }
    template<int lev, class T> typename enable_if<needs_output_v<T>,vs>::type
      ts_lev(const T& v) {
        if (lev == 0 || !sz(v)) return {ts(v)};
        vs res;
        for (const auto& t: v) {
            if (sz(res)) res.back() += ",";
            vs tmp = ts_lev<lev-1>(t);
            res.insert(end(res),all(tmp));
        }
        F0R(i,sz(res)) {
            str bef = " "; if (i == 0) bef = "{";
            res[i] = bef+res[i];
        }
        res.back() += "}";
        return res;
    }
}

inline namespace Output {
    template<class T, size_t k>
    void tsish_tuplehelper(T& t, string& out) {
        out += ts(get<k>(t)); out.push_back(' ');
        if constexpr (k < tuple_size_v<T> - 1) { tsish_tuplehelper<T, k+1>(t, out); }
    }
    tcT> typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<T>, string>::type tsish(T& t) {
        string out; tsish_tuplehelper<T,0>(t, out); out.pop_back(); return out;
    }
    tcT> typename enable_if<!is_tuplelike_v<T>, string>::type tsish(T& t) { return ts(t); }

    template<class T> void pr_sep(ostream& os, str, const T& t) { os << tsish(t); }
    template<class T, class... U> void pr_sep(ostream& os, str sep, const T& t, const U&... u) {
        pr_sep(os,sep,t); os << sep; pr_sep(os,sep,u...); }
    template<class T> void pr_sep1(ostream& os, str, T& t) { increment(t); os << tsish(t); decrement(t); }
    template<class T, class... U> void pr_sep1(ostream& os, str sep, T& t, U&... u) {
        pr_sep1(os,sep,t); os << sep; pr_sep1(os,sep,u...); }
    // print w/ no spaces
    template<class ...T> void pr(const T&... t) { pr_sep(cout,"",t...); }
    // print w/ spaces, end with newline
    void ps() { cout << "\n"; }
    template<class ...T> void ps(const T&... t) { pr_sep(cout," ",t...); ps(); }
    void ps1() { cout << "\n"; }
    template<class ...T> void ps1(T&... t) { pr_sep1(cout," ",t...); ps1(); }
    void pso() {}
    template<class ...T> void pso(const T&... t) { pr_sep(cout," ",t...); pso(); }
    void pso1() {}
    template<class ...T> void pso1(T&... t) { pr_sep1(cout," ",t...); pso1(); }

    template<class T>
    void pv(T& dat) {bool f=1; for(auto&& x : dat) {if (!f) {cout<<' ';} f=0; cout << tsish(x);} cout<<'\n';}
    template<class T>
    void pv1(T& dat) {bool f=1; increment(dat); for(auto&& x : dat) {if (!f) {cout<<' ';} f=0; cout << tsish(x);} cout<<'\n'; decrement(dat);}
    template<class T>
    void pvn(T& dat) {bool f=1; for(auto&& x : dat) {if (!f) {cout<<'\n';} f=0; cout << tsish(x);} cout<<'\n';}
    template<class T>
    void pvn1(T& dat) {bool f=1; increment(dat); for(auto&& x : dat) {if (!f) {cout<<'\n';} f=0; cout << tsish(x);} cout<<'\n'; decrement(dat);}
    // * Remove debug code; I'll use the tourist+me amalgamation instead.

#ifndef _OPENMP
    const clock_t beg = clock();
    #define dbg_time() dbg((db)(clock()-beg)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC)
    db TIME() {return (db)(clock()-beg)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;}
#else
    const db beg = omp_get_wtime();
    db TIME() {return omp_get_wtime() - beg;}
#endif
    void flush() {std::cout << std::flush;}
}

inline namespace FileIO {
    void setIn(str s)  { if ( !freopen(s.c_str(),"r",stdin) ) assert(false); }
    void setOut(str s) { if ( freopen(s.c_str(),"w",stdout) ) assert(false); }
    void setIO(str s = "") {
        cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0); // unsync C / C++ I/O streams
        cout.tie(0);
        cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
        // throws exception when do smth illegal
        // ex. try to read letter into int
        if (sz(s)) setIn(s+".in"), setOut(s+".out"); // for old USACO
    }
}

#pragma region  // debugging
// * debug setup mostly stolen from tourist. https://codeforces.net/contest/1540/submission/120602670
// * dcclyde added line numbers, colors, probably some other stuff.

template <typename A, typename B>
string to_string(pair<A, B> p);

template <typename X>
typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<X>, string>::type to_string(X p);

string to_string(const string& s) {
    return '"' + s + '"';
}

string to_string(char c) {
    return "'" + string(1, c) + "'";
}

string to_string(const char* s) {
    return to_string((string) s);
}

string to_string(bool b) {
    return (b ? "true" : "false");
}

string to_string(vector<bool> v) {
    bool first = true;
    string res = "{";
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(v.size()); i++) {
        if (!first) {
            res += ", ";
        }
        first = false;
        res += to_string(v[i]);
    }
    res += "}";
    return res;
}

template <size_t N>
string to_string(bitset<N> v) {
    string res = "";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        res += static_cast<char>('0' + v[i]);
    }
    return res;
}

template <typename A>
typename enable_if<is_iterable_v<A>, string>::type to_string(A v) {
    bool first = true;
    string res = "{";
    for (const auto &x : v) {
        if (!first) {
            res += ", ";
        }
        first = false;
        res += to_string(x);
    }
    res += "}";
    return res;
}

template<typename T>
V<T> pqueue_to_iterable(priority_queue<T> PQ) { // PASS BY VALUE!
    V<T> working;
    while (!PQ.empty()) {working.push_back(PQ.top()); PQ.pop();}
    reverse(all(working));
    return working;
}

template <typename T>
string to_string(priority_queue<T>&& PQ) {
    return to_string(pqueue_to_iterable(PQ));
}

template <typename A, typename B>
string to_string(pair<A, B> p) {
    return "(" + to_string(p.first) + ", " + to_string(p.second) + ")";
}

template<class T, size_t k>
void to_string_tuplehelper(string& out, T& t) {
    out += ", " + to_string(get<k>(t));
    if constexpr (k < tuple_size_v<T> - 1) {
        to_string_tuplehelper<T, k+1>(out, t);
    }
}
template <typename X>
typename enable_if<is_tuplelike_v<X>, string>::type to_string(X p) {
    string out = "(" + to_string(get<0>(p));
    to_string_tuplehelper<X, 1>(out, p);
    out += ")";
    return out;
}


// helpers for debugging complicated objects
template<class T, class S>
string print_details_helper_general(T&& q, S f, ll MAX) {
    string out;
    ll ctr = 0;
    bool trimmed = false;
    for ( auto&& x : q ) {
        if (ctr == MAX) {trimmed = true; break;}
        out.push_back('\t');
        out += to_string(ctr) + ":\t" + to_string(f(x)) + "\n";
        ++ctr;
    }
    string prefix = "len = " + to_string(q.size());
    if (trimmed) {
        prefix += ", trimmed to " + to_string(MAX);
        out.pop_back();
        out = "\n" + prefix + "\n" + out + "\nOutput trimmed, full length " + to_string(q.size());
        out.push_back('\n');
    } else {
        out = "\n" + prefix + "\n" + out;
    }
    return out;
}

#define PDH_DEFAULT_MAX 10'000
template<class T>
string print_details_helper(T&& q, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper_general(q, [&](auto x) {return x;}, MAX);
}
string print_details_helper(V<bool>&& q, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper_general(q, [&](auto x) {return static_cast<bool>(x);}, MAX);
}
template<class T>
string print_details_helper(priority_queue<T>&& PQ, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper(pqueue_to_iterable(PQ), MAX);
}
#define pdh print_details_helper

template<class T, class S>
string print_details_helper_func(T&& q, S f, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper_general(q, f, MAX);
}
template<class S>
string print_details_helper_func(V<bool>&& q, S f, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper_general(q, [&](auto x) {return f(static_cast<bool>(x));}, MAX);
}
template<class T, class S>
string print_details_helper_func(priority_queue<T>&& PQ, S f, ll MAX=PDH_DEFAULT_MAX) {
    return print_details_helper_general(pqueue_to_iterable(PQ), f, MAX);
}
#define pdh_func print_details_helper_func
#define pdhf print_details_helper_func



template<class T>
string print_tsv_helper(T&& q) {
    string out = "\n";
    for ( auto&& x : q ) {
        bool first = true;
        for ( auto& v : x ) {
            if ( !first ) {
                out += '\t';
            }
            out += to_string(v);
            first = false;
        }
        out += '\n';
    }
    return out;
}
#define pth print_tsv_helper


void debug_out() {}

template <typename Head, typename... Tail>
void debug_out(Head H, Tail... T) {
    // mostly no difference unless there's a background color.
    // std::cerr << to_string(H) << "   ";
    // debug_out(T...);
    std::cerr << ' ' << to_string(H) << ' ';
    if (sizeof...(T)) {
        std::cerr << " ";
        debug_out(T...);
    }
}

// #define BOLD_MAYBE ""    // NOT bold
#define BOLD_MAYBE     ";1"  // YES bold

#define OUT_RESET       "\033[0m"
#define OUT_BOLD        "\033[;1m"
#define OUT_RED         "\033[31" "m"
#define OUT_CYAN        "\033[36" BOLD_MAYBE "m"
// #define OUT_GREEN       "\033[32" << BOLD_MAYBE << "m"
#define OUT_GREEN       "\033[32" "m"
#define OUT_BLUE        "\033[34" BOLD_MAYBE "m"
#define OUT_WHITE       "\033[97" "m"
#define OUT_MARK        "\033[0;30;41;1m"
#define OUT_YELLOW      "\033[33" BOLD_MAYBE "m"
#define OUT_PURPLE      "\033[35" BOLD_MAYBE "m"


#define dbgc(...) ;
#define dbg(...) ;
#define el ;
#define dbgBold(...) ;
#define dbgcBold(...) ;
#define dbgY(...) ;
#define dbgcY(...) ;
#define dbgP(...) ;
#define dbgcP(...) ;
#define dbgR(...) ;
#define dbgcR(...) ;
#define dbgB(...) ;
#define dbgcB(...) ;
#define dbgW(...) ;
#define dbgcW(...) ;
#define dbg_only(...) ;
#define local_run (false)
#ifdef DCCLYDE_LOCAL
    // dbgc = "debug with comment"
    #define dbgcbase(A, B, C, D, ...) std::cout << std::flush; \
        std::cerr << OUT_BOLD << B \
        << std::right << setw(20) << C << ' ' \
        << OUT_RESET << OUT_BOLD << OUT_RED \
        << std::right << setw(7) << __LINE__        \
        << OUT_BOLD << " : " << OUT_RESET \
        << A << "[ " << D << " ]" \
        << OUT_BOLD << " :   " << OUT_RESET \
        << B, debug_out(__VA_ARGS__); \
        std::cerr << OUT_RESET << std::endl;

    #undef dbgBold
    #define dbgBold(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_MARK, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcBold
    #define dbgcBold(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_MARK, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbg
    #define dbg(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_CYAN, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgc
    #define dbgc(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_CYAN, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbgY
    #define dbgY(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_YELLOW, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcY
    #define dbgcY(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_YELLOW, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbgP
    #define dbgP(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_PURPLE, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcP
    #define dbgcP(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_PURPLE, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbgR
    #define dbgR(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_RED, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcR
    #define dbgcR(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_RED, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbgB
    #define dbgB(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_BLUE, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcB
    #define dbgcB(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_BLUE, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbgW
    #define dbgW(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_WHITE, "", #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
    #undef dbgcW
    #define dbgcW(...) dbgcbase(OUT_GREEN, OUT_WHITE, __VA_ARGS__)

    #undef dbg_only
    #define dbg_only(...) __VA_ARGS__;

    #undef el
    #define el std::cerr << std::flush; std::cerr << '\n';  // in my head I say "error line"

    #undef local_run
    #define local_run (true)
#endif
#pragma endregion

#define timebomb(a) dbg_only({static int _bomb = 0; if(++_bomb>=a) {dbgc("boom!", a);exit(1);}});

#define YES ps("YES");
#define NO ps("NO");
#define Yes ps("Yes");
#define No ps("No");
#define IMPOSSIBLE ps("IMPOSSIBLE");

const ll INF_ll = ll(2e18) + 1;
const int INF_i = int(2e9) + 1;

// const int MOD = 1'000'000'007;
// const int MOD = 998'244'353;

#pragma endregion

// ! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------






void solve() {
    lls(N);
    V<ll> dat;
    rv(N, dat);
    dbgR(N, dat);
    el;

    // ! Read the sample cases AND EXPLANATIONS before writing code for nontrivial problems!



    return;
}

// ! Do something instead of nothing: write out small cases, code bruteforce
// ! Check bounds even if I have a solution - are they letting through simpler versions?
// ! If stuck on a "should be easy" problem for 10 mins, reread statement, check bounds

#define PROBLEM_STYLE CF
// #define SINGLE_CASE  // ! Uncomment this for one-case problems.
#pragma region  // main
#if PROBLEM_STYLE == CF || PROBLEM_STYLE == GCJ
int main() {
    setIO();

    int T = 1;
    #ifndef SINGLE_CASE
        dbgc("loading num cases!!!"); std::cin >> T;
    #endif
    for ( int CASE = 1 ; CASE <= T ; ++CASE ) {
        #if PROBLEM_STYLE == GCJ
            cout << "Case #" << CASE << ": ";
        #endif
        el;
        #ifndef DCCLYDE_BRUTEFORCE
            dbgcBold("CASE" , CASE );
            solve();
        #else
            dbgcBold("brute force" , CASE );
            brute();
        #endif
    }
    dbgR(TIME());
    return 0;
}
#else
// PROBLEM_STYLE is CLEAN or undefined.
int main() {
    #ifdef _OPENMP
        ll num_procs = omp_get_num_procs();
        ll max_threads = omp_get_max_threads();
        dbgBold(num_procs, max_threads);
        omp_set_num_threads(num_procs - 4);
    #endif
    solve();
    dbgR(TIME());
    return 0;
}
#endif
#pragma endregion

Cool tricks in the template

Pretty debug printouts

Demo

Here's some sample code: ~~~~~ void solve() { ll a = 14; double b = -3e-2; char c = '@'; string s = "Test String"; vector q = {1, 6, 4, 3, 5, 3, 1}; dbg(a, b, c, "", s, q); dbgc("show this on left", make_pair(a, c)); // dbgc = "debug with 1st arg as comment" dbgcP("diff colors", a, b); // uppercase letters change the color; all terminal colors are available dbgc("expressions work too", 2*b, gcd(a, a+4)); el; // empty line

// complex/nested data structures work too.
map<pair<ll,ll>, V<string>> dat = {
    {{3, 5}, {"abc", "def"}},
    {{4, -1}, {"apple", "peach", "banana"}},
    {{-5, 0}, {"tourist", "jiangly", "um_nik", "slime", "ksun48"}}
};
dbgY(dat);
// that may be pretty messy to read all on one line though, so we can use:
dbg(pdh(dat));
el;

// show how "regular output" lines look visibly different from dbg() lines.
cout << a << ' ' << b << ' ' << c << '\n';

// what if we have a big object and we want to "get the idea" of its contents
// without printing the whole thing?
vector<pll> vbig; FOR(k, 0, 100) {vbig.emplace_back(k, -k*k);}
dbgR(pdh(vbig, 10));  // short for "print_details_helper"

el;
// Advanced: pdhf lets me specify a function, so f(x) will be printed for each x in the structure.
dbg(pdhf(vbig, [&](auto x){return x.second;}, 10));  // pdhf = "print_details_helper_func"

dbgcBold("done!");
return;

} ~~~~~ ...and here's a screenshot of the output:

Summary of key features:

dbg(a, b, c) prints line number, exact text you passed in, and the values of all those variables/expressions/objects. Optional dbgc version uses the first argument as a marker or comment, which is placed to the left. All printouts are indented to keep them visually separate from the normal outputs to cout.
Different color options so you can easily see which printouts came from which dbg() call. Default color is cyan; specify other colors with dbgP (purple), dbgY (yellow), and so on. All the ANSI terminal colors are provided except black; see the template code for the full list.
Handles pairs, tuples, and STL data structures including arbitrary nesting.
All dbg() stuff is removed at preprocessor stage if we didn't pass flag -DDCCLYDE_LOCAL when compiling. That means I don't need to bother commenting out these lines before submitting to online judges. (Regular cerr printouts won't cause WA, but they could easily cause TLE.)
pdh ("print details helper") functionality prints one entry per line; useful if we're printing a complex object since printing on one line can be hard to visually process.

Realistic example

The demo above may make it seem like the different colors are just visually noisy instead of useful. Here's an example of how I'd use them in "real life" on a simple problem.

This is my (IMO) heavily improved version of ideas stolen from tourist and tantam75, see blog.

"Unhackable" and faster unordered_map and unordered_set replacements

unordered_map and unordered_set are notoriously hackable; see classic blog post. Also, they are usually around 5x slower than the alternative gp_hash_table, see another blog. My template defines replacements umap and uset which just implement the recommendations from those posts. My versions also happily hash arbitrary pairs, tuples, or iterable STL objects. Caveat: pairs and tuples have worked fine for me, but hashing more complex stuff like std::vectors often leads to.

I/O shortcuts

Precompiled headers

TODO TODO TODO

What a good template can/can't do for you

I've seen threads where people argue that a good coder shouldn't rely on a long template. I think it's totally fine to think that, and many strong coders use a short template or no template. By comparison, I think it's very very hard to reach high ratings without a library of data structures / algorithms you can quickly paste in or modify.

The main things I think a template helps with are 1. Reduce repetitive typing: save 1-5 minutes on each problem by using small prewritten functions/macros for I/O, binary searches, etc. This can also make it a little easier to code correctly, since it's no longer possible to have typos in those functions. 2. Make debugging faster and easier: Using default C++, it can be easy to make mistakes that

This year, I moved from around 1850 "true rating" (i.e. if I did a bunch of contests at that skill level, I think I'd end up around 1850) to Master level. In my most recent practice+rated contests I was ty

Earlier this year, I was around 1850 "true rating" after having been around 2000 "true rating" in 2017-2018. That felt bad because

Questions, suggestions, advice?

I'm very interested to hear to advice about how to accomplish the same things in a better way, or feature requests that would make the template features nicer to use, or even just random questions about why I did things a certain way. Some of the "weird" decisions are made on purpose to get around non-obvious issues that I didn't cover in this blog, and others may be just because I'm clumsy with some of the tools I'm using here, so even asking "silly" questions can be useful — either I'll explain something you didn't see, or I'll learn something from your idea about how it should have been coded instead.

Rev.	By	When	Δ	Comment
en8	dcclyde	2022-08-23 02:08:23	31386	Edited the "links to different template versions" section.
en7	dcclyde	2022-08-22 14:17:49	0	(published)
en6	dcclyde	2022-08-22 14:15:40	6044	1.0
en5	dcclyde	2022-08-20 11:05:37	503	precompiled header text
en4	dcclyde	2022-08-20 10:52:55	274	minor
en3	dcclyde	2022-08-20 10:08:26	802	minor
en2	dcclyde	2022-08-20 09:43:25	14645	first "complete" version
en1	dcclyde	2022-08-20 07:30:01	36647	wip (saved to drafts)