670A - Holidays
There are many ways to solve this problem. Let's talk about one of them. At first we need to write a function, which takes the start day of the year and calculate the number of days off in such year. To make it let's iterate on the days of the year and will check every day — is it day off or no. It is easy to show that if the first day of the year equals to the first day of the week (i.e. this day is Monday) in this year will be minimum possible number of the days off. If the first day of the year equals to the first day off of the week (i.e. this day is Saturday) in this year will be maximum possible number of the days off.
670B - Game of Robots
To solve this problem we need to brute how many identifiers will called robots in the order from left to right. Let's solve this problem in one indexing. Let the current robot will call i identifiers. If k - i > 0 let's make k = k - i and go to the next robot. Else we need to print a[k], where a is the array with robots identifiers and end our algorithm.
670C - Cinema
We need to use map-ом (let's call it cnt) and calculate how many scientists knows every language (i. e. cnt[i] equals to the number of scientists who know the language number i). Let's use the pair res, where we will store the number of \textit{very pleased} scientists and the number of \textit{almost satisfied} scientists. At first let res = make_pair(0, 0). Now we need to iterate through all movies beginning from the first. Let the current movie has the number i. Then if res < make_pair(cnt[b[i]], cnt[a[i]]) let's make res = make_pair(cnt[b[i]], cnt[c[i]]) and update the answer with the number of current movie.
670D1 - Magic Powder - 1
This problem with small constraints can be solved in the following way. Let's bake cookies one by one until it is possible. For every new cookie let's calculate val — how many grams of the magic powder we need to bake it. For this let's brute all ingredients and for the ingredient number i if a[i] ≤ b[i] let's make b[i] = b[i] - a[i], else let's make b[i] = 0 and val = val + a[i] - b[i]. When we bruted all ingredients if val > k than we can't bake more cookies. Else let's make k = k - val and go to bake new cookie.
670D2 - Magic Powder - 2
Here we will use binary search on the answer. Let's we check the current answer equals to cur. Then the objective function must be realized in the following way. Let's store in the variable cnt how many grams of the magic powder we need to bake cur cookies. Let's iterate through the ingredients and the current ingredient has the number i. Then if a[i]·cur > b[i] let's make cnt = cnt + a[i]·cur - b[i]. If after looking on some ingredient cnt becomes more than k the objective function must return false. If there is no such an ingredient the objective function must return true.
If the objective function returned true we need to move the left end of the binary search to the cur, else we need to move the right end of the binary search to the cur.
670E - Correct Bracket Sequence Editor
Будем решать данную задачу следующим образом. Сначала с помощью stack насчитаем массив pos, где pos[i] будет означать позицию скобки, парной для скобки в позиции i. Затем заведём два массива left и right. Тогда left[i] будет равно позиции ближайшей слева относительно позиции i неудалённой скобки, а right[i] будет равно позиции ближайшей справа относительно позиции i неудалённой скобки. Если таковых скобок нет, будет хранить в соответствующей позиции в массиве число \texttt{-1}.
Пусть текущая позиция курсора равна p. Тогда при операции \texttt{L} выполним присвоение p = left[p], а при операции \texttt{R} выполним присвоение p = right[p]. Осталось научиться обрабатывать операцию \texttt{D}.
Пусть lf равно p, а rg равно pos[p]. Если lf > rg сделаем swap(lf, rg). То есть теперь мы знаем границы подстроки, которую нужно удалить. Пересчитаем сначала позицию p. Если right[rg] = = - 1 (то есть после удаления текущей подстроки не останется скобок справа), нужно сдвинуть p влево, то есть выполнить присвоение p = left[lf], иначе нужно выполнить присвоение p = right[rg]. Осталось только пересчитать ссылки для концов удаляемой подстроки. Здесь нужно быть аккуратным, и проверять есть ли скобки слева и справа относительно концов удаляемой подстроки.
Для вывода ответа нужно определить номер первой слева неудалённой скобки, с помощью массива right пройти по всем неудалённым скобкам и вывести их в ответ. Для определения номера первой неудалённой скобки можно сложить все пары концов удаляемых подстрок в массив, затем отсортировать его и, проитерировавшись по полученному массиву, определить искомую позицию. Бонус: как определить позицию первой неудалённой скобки за линейное время?
670F - Restore a Number
At first let's find the length of the Vasya's number. For make this let's brute it. Let the current length equals to len. Then if len equals to the difference between the length of the given string and the number of digits in len if means that len is a length of the Vasya's number.
Then we need to remove from the given string all digits which appeared in the number len, generate three strings from the remaining digits and choose smaller string from them — this string will be the answer. Let t is a substring which Vasya remembered. Which three strings do we need to generate?
Let's write the string t and after that let's write all remaining digits from the given string in the ascending order. This string can be build only if the string t does not begin with the digit 0.
Let's write at first the smallest digit from the remaining digits which does not equal to 0. If we have no such a digit we can't build such string. Else we need then to write all digits with smaller than the first digit in the t in the ascending order, then write the string t and then write all remaining digits in the ascending order.
Let's write at first the smallest digit from the remaining digits which does not equal to 0. If we have no such a digit we can't build such string. Else we need then to write all digits with smaller than or equal to the first digit in the t in the ascending order, then write the string t and then write all remaining digits in the ascending order.
Also we need to separately consider the case when the Vasya's number equals to zero.
