Advent of Code is a website that releases programming puzzles every December from the 1st to the 25th. The puzzles have two parts, and the second part isn't revealed until you solve the first part.
This year, there have been many questions regarding part 2 of day 22, as it involves modular arithmetic in a way that hasn't been seen in previous puzzles there. I have been asked for a tutorial for it on Reddit, but I'm posting it here due to better support for mathematical notation.