Ezio07's blog

By Ezio07, history, 6 years ago, In English
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Problem Authors: GT_18, karansiwach360

Author`s Code: 42406878

Code Complexity: O(LogN)

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Problem Authors: csgocsgo, karansiwach360

Author`s Code: 42406891

Code Complexity: O(NLogN)

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Problem Authors: csgocsgo, Ezio07

Author`s Code: 42406848

Code Complexity: O(N)

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Problem Author: Ezio07

Author`s Code: 42406857

Code Complexity: O(NLogN)

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Problem Authors: dhirajfx3, GT_18, TooDumbToWin

Author`s Code: 42406908

Code Complexity: O(NLogN)

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Problem Authors: karansiwach360, hitman623

Author`s Code: 42406921

Code Complexity: O(N)

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Problem Authors: 300iq

Author`s Code: 42406934

Code Complexity: O(262 * N + 26 * Q)

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Problem Authors: dhirajfx3, DeshiBasara

Author`s Code: 42406942

Code Complexity: O(|x| * LogN * 26) per request.

We hope you enjoyed the problems!

Hope to see you all in next edition of Manthan.

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6 years ago, # |
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Can someone tell me why i am getting this error in my code it is working fine in my compiler 42407188

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    your array should be initialized with a constant value. In case of your code: int a[n+1] and int si[l] are wrong!

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6 years ago, # |
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Ezio07 It would be very helpful if you could add Time Complexity for all the proposed solutions. Thanks!

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6 years ago, # |
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another solution to problem A:

As was written, the answer it's number x for series of numbers: 1, 2, 4, 8,..2^x. This series of numbers it's geometric progression. The sum of the geometric progression is given by the formula: S(x) = (b(x)*q-b(1))/(q-1). For 1, 2, 4,..2^x q=2, b(1) = 1 and b(x) = 2^(x-1) => S(x) = (2^(x-1)*2-1)/(2-1) => S(x) = 2^x-1. The following condition must be met for the answer to be correct: S(x)<=n => 2^x-1<=n => n+1-2^x>=0. The code this solution: 42408562. (sorry for my not so good english)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Another solution :))

    #include <bits/stdc++.h>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main()
    {
    	int n;
    	cin >> n;
    	cout << (int)log2(n) + 1;
    	return 0;
    }
    
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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      hey...can you explain me... how did u get this logic? thanku in advance @ Dragonol...

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        The logic is based from the binary form of n:

        for exemple: n = 10. The binary form of 10 is 1010, you will need 1000,0100,0010,0001 to form any number x (1<=x<=10)

        • 1 from: 0001
        • 2 from: 0010
        • 3 from: 0010 + 0001
        • 4 from: 0100
        • 5 from: 0100 + 0001
        • 6 from: 0100 + 0010
        • 7 from: 0100 + 0010 + 0001
        • 8 from: 1000
        • 9 from: 1000 + 0001
        • 10 from: 1000 + 0010

        The answer is actually the length of binary form of n. In fact, log2(n) = length_of_binary_form_of_n1 so the answer shuould be log2(n)+1.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Hi,

      I used cout<<(ll)(log(n)/log(2) + 1)<<'\n'; I got wrong answer. http://codeforces.net/contest/1037/standings/participant/19485663#p19485663 Can you please tell why?

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Your solution sucks. If n could be up to 1018, it wouldn't work.

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        http://codeforces.net/contest/1037/submission/42365860

        Yours fail too when n is up to 10^18, you suck.

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        That's because the problem condition for n is 1 ≤ n ≤ 10^9. If you want n up to 10^18, then here you are:

        #include <bits/stdc++.h>
        using namespace std;
        
        int main()
        {
        	long long n;
        	cin >> n;
        	cout << (long long)log2(n) + 1;
        	return 0;
        }
        
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          6 years ago, # ^ |
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          try to check n = 259 and n = 259 - 1

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            6 years ago, # ^ |
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            I don't understand . They both come out with 60. So i do the subtraction of 2^59 and 2^59-1, the answer is 0.Why?

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              6 years ago, # ^ |
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              most probably it's wshift-count-overflow try this

              #include <bits/stdc++.h>
              using namespace std;
              
              int main()
              {
              	unsigned long long n=1ULL<<59;
                      //unsigned long long n=1ULL<<59-1;
              	cout << (unsigned long long)log2(n) + 1;
              	return 0;
              }
              
              
              
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                6 years ago, # ^ |
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                It also writes 60 for n = 259 - 1

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                  6 years ago, # ^ |
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                  but not for n=2^(59) do you have correct solution?

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                  6 years ago, # ^ |
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                  correct solution is to do all in integers. just go from 0 to 60 and check whether it is a right answer

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      32 - __builtin_clz(n)

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6 years ago, # |
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can anybody tell me why iam getting wa in test case 11 in D problem https://ideone.com/r2c4K5

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6 years ago, # |
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Can someone tell me D's solution? I read the D's tutorial and read other source codes, but I can't understand. What does D's tutorial say and what is the solution?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    For understanding what the tutorial is trying to say, first you need to understand how graph is stored in an adjacency list and BFS Order Traversal. If you understand these two things, then you can read ahead.

    Basically, the way you store nodes in adjacency list, determine how your BFS Order Traversal is going to look like.

    So, for checking the given BFS Order, you store the neighbours of a node in the list according to the order they appear in the given BFS Order Traversal. Basically, "we can sort the adjacency lists of all the nodes in the order in which they are present in the input BFS Sequence." (as mentioned in editorial)

    Once you get the adjacency list according to given BFS Order, Do BFS on the list and then check whether it matches the given order or not.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Here is my editorial to D. Let me know if it helps :)

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Can somebody tell me what is wrong with my code (42403836) for 4th problem.Actually I am getting WA on test case no.11 which is a large test case that is why I am not able to debug it.

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6 years ago, # |
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Can we do Problem D using Dijkstra's algorithm with edge weights set to 1 ?

Input order should be in increasing order of distances from the source.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    If you ever use Dijkstra with all edge weights as 1, use BFS instead. But I don't think it would work. You have to add all nodes connected to the last node in some order, but you can't mix them with other nodes (even if they are on same distance from 1).

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My submission for B is in queue for too long. 42412545 What should i do ?

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6 years ago, # |
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Can someone tell me why i am getting this error in my code it is working fine in my compiler 42399951

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    You don't initialize local visited array with zeros

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Can Someone Explain Problem B? Why are other elements modified when only the median needs to be modified?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Median is middle element in a sorted array.

    Now, modifying Median may break the sorted order of the array elements. So we make sure elements before the median are still smaller than new median and all the elements after median are larger than new median too.

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Still wondering: optimality proof for A, anyone?

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Can anyone explain G more clearly?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    For each character c, you need to precalculate grundy numbers of strings between consecutive occurrences of c, their prefixes and suffixes. When a string s breaks into multiple strings, the first part is a calculated suffix, last part is a calculated prefix. For other parts, you can keep prefix xor of the calculated xors. So suppose you have a string adbecbdabfr and query on dbecbdabf and you choose character b (as your first move), the precalculated grundy numbers will be of ad, ec, da and fr and their prefixes and suffixes. To answer the query, you take d suffix from ad and f prefix from fr. ec and da can be retrieved from prefix xor.

    There are n + 26 such strings. You can consider them as queries while precalculating and order them properly such that the required values are calculated before the query.

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6 years ago, # |
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Why actually "The best possible way to distribute the coins is to create packets with coins 1,2,4,…2k with maximum possible k such that 2⋅2k−1≤n. " is there any proof about that ? I have solved the problem and I still don't know why this happens!

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    To be able to make 1 you defnitely need the coin of value 1 so it has to be included.d now to make 2 you can include another coin of value one to sum to 2 or you can use a coin with value 2 so that you can make 3 as well so using coin with value 2 is optimal. You can go on inductively to show 2k is optimal.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Lets assume that we can take <= log2(n) coins. We can choose some of them in 2^log2(n) = n different ways. So there are at most n different sums. One of them is 0. So we have at most n-1 non-zero sums. It is not enough to cover n numbers(1, ..., n). Thus answer is not <= log2(n), answer is >= log2(n)+1. So, log2(n)+1is optimal answer.

    Now we have to find log2(n)+1 coins. These are 1, 2, 4, ..., 2^(log2(n)+1). We can prove its optimality by induction. First i coins cover numbers [1 ... 2^i-1]. Next coin is 2^i. With that coin we can obtain also sums 2^i, 2^i+1, ..., (2^i+2^i-1 = 2^(i+1)-1). So with first i+1 numbers we can cover 2^(i+1)-1 coins.

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6 years ago, # |
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I see that many people make arrays/vectors of size 2e5 + 5 if max number of elements is 2e5. Why is it not 2e5?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Maybe for work on boundary of array and taking this size to sure don't go out of size of array ... actually for more security

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    i see you have never got WA/RE because of wrong bounds

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can anyone tell to me in task A why we can not do this with smaller number of packets?

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Let me clarify problem E a bit, for current explanation goes more into details and less into the idea.

First, we build final graph of friendships. Then we delete from it all nodes with less than k friends — those buddies weren't going anywhere anyway.

The interesting observation is that all the remaining people can go to the trip on the last day. Now we can just play the time backwards. After we removed edge which appeared on day n and also all the nodes with friends number below k, all remaining nodes can go to the trip on (n-1)-th day. Then do the same thing for n-1, n-2, et cetera. Need to print results in reverse order though :)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Can you please describe how the third sample test case works??????? I couldn't figure it out.

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6 years ago, # |
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Auto comment: topic has been updated by Ezio07 (previous revision, new revision, compare).

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6 years ago, # |
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solved F with Divide & Conquer 42425616. Actually it's quite similar to the one in the editorial.

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Why the code of E is so long......

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Just have a look at the solve() function rest is just template.

    Solution
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6 years ago, # |
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Nice solution for E...

Will definitely give it a try

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Problem F

Can someone push me in the right direction? I can't figure out how to get l and r for each element in linear time.

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For problem F, Can anyone give an explain about how to calculate number of segment in [l, r]? Also, why the segment is not k, 2 * k — 1, 3 * k — 1 ... ?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Did you get the answer? I'm also confused why is it 2*k and not 2*k-1 in the explanation. EDIT: Got the answer. Here is a great explanation.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      thanks, it's a good solution.

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Could you explain, how did you solve the query part in O(|x|* LogN *26) per request? I solved it in O(|x| * LogN * LogN * 26) . I first build the suffix tree of given string. Then to find whether there is an element in range [l,r] in given subtree, I use binary search on each node of segment tree which are visited during query. Hence, there would be O(logN * logN) for each character (from 0 to 26) for each index of x in the worst case.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Consider of example the ith position of the array of leaves has value li, now we will be maintaining a set of persistent segment trees from left to right, that is persistent segment tree for ith leaf is obtained by adding value 1 to the li position of persistent segment tree of leaf i - 1. To do this, maintain three arrays, seg_tree, L_ptr, R_ptr. The node represented by integer id c will represent-

    1. seg_tree[c]: The sum of values in the segment represented by current node.

    2. L_ptr[c]: The left child of node represented by c.

    3. R_ptr[c]: The right child of node represented by c.

    Now to add the value li to the persistent segment tree of leaf i - 1 and get the root node for the persistent segment tree for leaf i, we can adopt the following algorithm.

    If we have persistent segment of node i - 1 as c, we can obtain persistent segment tree for node i by calling add(c,0,|S|,li).

    Code snippet

    Now to find whether the current subtree contain any value in the range L ≤ R,

    Let a + 1 be index of left-most leaf in the current subtree, and b be the right-most leaf in the current subtree and pj represent the persistent segment tree of leaf j.

    Now we need to only take two segment trees pa and pb and query if sum of values in the segment L... R is non zero.

    To do this we can apply the following method or say call find_sum(pa, pb, 0, |S|, L, R)

    Method

    If returned value of the above function is non-zero then there is some value in the range L ... R. You may also like to see the find_first method in the code given in the tutorial to find the smallest value which is greater than L but less than R.

    So this is how we can check in O(log|S|) time whether there is some leaf in the current subtree with value in range L ... R.

    Let us know if something is still not clear.

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Problem D. Test Case 39. Given Test Case - 2 1 2 2 1

My opinion — Yes. But the checker says No. Can someone Explain to me why the answer is No?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    You always start from root which is 1. So it's impossible that you visit any other node before 1. Therefore, sequence must always start with 1. Here it starts with 2.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      If I have started at 1. Then because first no is 2. I would have printed no. But here the case is opposite. Checker is saying No, and I'm saying Yes.

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        In the given input, tree has two nodes. Root is 1, and it has single child which is 2. In this case, there's actually single BFS possible which is "1 2", not "2 1". You always start with 1. If first is not 1, then just print "No", no need to check anything else.

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          6 years ago, # ^ |
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          Then what does this mean ?? The BFS algorithm in this problem always starts with 1, however, it is not guaranteed that a[1] = 1.

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            6 years ago, # ^ |
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            It means that correct BFS algorithm should start with 1, but we may give a sequence with a[1] != 1 which is necessarily an incorrect BFS sequence and you have to print "No" for such sequence.

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              6 years ago, # ^ |
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              Thanks. Got it. Was confused by the announcement.

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6 years ago, # |
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Can you guys write the last part of the Problem F properly, more clearly?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    This is not clarification of the method from the tutorial, but slightly different method of calculating total count for each number.

    On the figure above you can see progression of b arrays for given array a and k = 3. To calculate total count for number 8 you want to calculate count of all numbers in the triangle (their count is proportional to r - l) and then subtract blue ones (their count is proportional to i - l) and green ones (their count is proportional to r - i).

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Turns out, you don't really need all that case work. Here.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Yeah this is what we expect from the editorial that HOW it turns out that you don't need it.

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6 years ago, # |
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Just do cout<<(long long)log2(n)+1 in Problem A

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About problem G. Editorial says we treat precalclulating like queries. So we iterate over character c and use two prefix/suffix dps and one range query. But yet we dont know grundy for each gap between two equal characters, we cant precalculate prefix xors. We can use segment tree, but than complexity becomes n*A*A*log(n) which is too long. So how to accomplish precalculation?

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6 years ago, # |
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Here is an O(n) solution to D :

42464470

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In problem D we need to check if the BFS sequence is valid or not. The editorial solution is really easy to understand. I guess same approach can be used if the problem was to check for valid DFS sequence.Only change would be that a DFS will be used instead of BFS. Can anyone confirm this, I am not 100% sure about it!

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Yes, the editorial approach will work in that case also.

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can anybody help me understand 1037E(Trips) problem??

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Can anyone explain the E question clearly? I dont get the author's logic

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For D, I made an array par, for which, par[i]=j means that j is the parent of the node numbered i. I constructed a queue, Q that is used to imitate the BFS. Now, I add the current node (first node initially) to the queue, and check whether the next k nodes (where k is the size of the adjancency list for the current node) have the current node as their parent, while adding these nodes to the queue Q. After these k nodes are checked, I remove the current node from the queue.

This will work for any order of neighbor selection for the BFS. The submission can be found here. It doesn't work for the test case 12. Any ideas? I think the implementation is correct, but there is some problem with the concept.

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4 years ago, # |
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We can perform Problem D in $$$O(n)$$$ using two-pointers.

80832291

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    3 years ago, # ^ |
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    Aren't you using a vector<set<>> ? So time complexity can't be O(n). Shouldn't it be O(nlogn)? I'm not sure of my answer though

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      3 years ago, # ^ |
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      Actually I never end up using

      vector<set<int>>>

      after initialising... so you can just remove that part of code and it will be $$$O(n)$$$