So I made this listing for topic wise coding resources. It is open sourced here Thought of sharing it here too!
Awesome Competitive Coding 
A Curated list of Topic wise Theory and Questions to Get You Started On Competitive Coding.
Inspired by the awesome list thing. You might also like to read complete awesome-list.
Contributing
Kindly Go Through Contribution Guidelines First.
Topics
- Binary and Ternary Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Flow
- Game Theory
- Graphs
- Greedy
- Maths
- Matrix Exponentiation
- Miscellaneous
- Prefix and Suffix Trees
- Segment Trees
- Trees
Binary and Ternary Search
--- Binary Search : The process of exploiting the property of an array of being sorted to arrive at answers of questions in non linear time.
Ternary Search : The process of exploiting the property of a function having double diffrential of a constant sign to arrive to results in non linear time.
- Theory
- Hackerearth — Power of Binary search by Aman Goel (Easy).
- Topcoder — Binary Search by lovro (Hard).
- Ternary Search — Blog Post on Ternary Search.
- Questions on
- A2oj
- Codechef
Dynamic Programming
--- Used to solve questions which can be broken down into smaller sub problems.It involves the technique of saving the result of a problem for future reference.
- Theory
- Topcoder — Dynamic Programming from Novice to Advanced.
- Codechef — Tutorial on Dynamic Programming.
- Questions on
- spoj
- A2oj
Flow
- Theory
- Questions
- spoj
- A2oj
Game Theory
--- Used to solve problems involving mathematical modelling of conflict and cooperation among rational players.
Theory
- Book — Composite Mathematical Games.
- Book — Game Theory By Thomas S. Ferguson.
- Wikipedia — Sprague Grundy Theorem.
- Topcoder — Introduction to Algorithmic Games.
Questions on
Graphs
--- A graph consists of nodes and the interconnection between them.The problems involve finding shortest distance, connectivity and flow.
- Theory
- Topcoder
- Identifying a graph on Topcoder
- Codeforces — Important Graph Algorithms by PrinceOfPersia
- Codechef — Tutorial on Graph Theory — part 1
- Questions on
- Codechef
- A2oj
Greedy
--- Greedy problems involve solving a problem statement considering the most greedy, i.e. most optimal solution at the given time without taking into consideration the future effects of it.
- Theory
- Topcoder — Greedy is Good.
- Stackoverflow. — Tutorial on how to spot a greedy algorithm.
- Hackerearth — Tutorial on greedy algorithms by Akash Sharma.
- Questions on
- A2oj
Maths
--- Problem related to mathematics are quite common in the domain of competitive programming.It involved topics like geometry, algebra, discrete mathematics and probability.
- Theory
- Stanford — Stanford's Guide on Introduction To Competitive Programming.
- Aduni — Course Guide to Discrete Mathematics.
- Topcoder — Understanding Probability.
- Questions on
- A2oj
- Codechef — Basic
- Codechef — Advanced
Matrix Exponentiation
--- Used to solve problems which involve finding a solution to a given series by using exponentiation property on multiplication of matrices.The complexity is thus reduced to logrithmic from linear.
- Theory
- zobayer — Introduction to Matrix exponentiations
- Quora — Solving Dynamic Programming with Matrix Exponentiation.
- Questions on
- A2oj
Miscellaneous
- Mo's Algorithm - Blog Post By Anudeep Nekkanti
Persistant Segment Trees - Blog Post By Anudeep Nekkanti - MKTHNUM on Spoj
Mobius Function - Dance With Mobius Function by Surya Kiran
Treaps - Codeforces
Bit Manipulation
- Hackerearth — Tutorial on Bit Manipulation by Prateek Garg.
- Hackerrank — Questions On Hackerrank on bit manipulation.
Other Resources - Data Structures — A guide to high level data structures by PrinceOfPersia
Prefix and Suffix Trees
--- Tries are some kind of rooted trees in which each edge has a character on it.
- Theory
- Wikipedia — Introduction to Tries.
- Marknelson — Tutorial on prefix and suffix trees by Sartaj Sahni
- Marknelson — Suffix Trees Explained.
- Questions on
- Codechef
- A2oj
Segment Trees
--- Segment tree is a tree for which each node represents an interval.
Theory
- Hackerearth — Segment trees for Beginners by Ayush Agrawal.
- Codeforces — Everything about Segment trees by PrinceOfPersia
- [Lazy Propogation](http://se7so.blogspot.in/2012/12/segment-trees-and-lazy-propagation.html) — Solving problems related to updation of segment tree in logrithmic time (also known as lazy propogation).
- Questions on
- Codechef
- A2oj
Trees
--- A tree is a data structure made up of nodes or vertices and edges without having any cycle.
- Theory
- Hackerearth — Baisc introduction to trees and terminologies related to it by Anuj Garg
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)) — Tree (data structure)
- Questions on
- Codechef
- A2oj
