Motivation & Problem↵
---↵
Recently saw [this](http://codeforces.net/problemset/problem/923/B) problem. For some this problem might seem like a segment tree problem and it is indeed one. However this problem and others where segment tree does not apply can be solved using another approach. I will rephrase the problem in a simpler way. We want a data structure capable of doing three main update-operations and some sort of query. The three modify operations are:↵
↵
**add**: Add an element to the set.↵
↵
**remove**: Remove an element from the set.↵
↵
**updateAll**: This one normally changes in this case subtract X from **ALL** the elements. For this technique it is completely required that the update is done to **ALL** the values in the set equally.↵
↵
And also for this problem in particular we may need one query:↵
↵
**getMin**: Give me the smallest number in the set.↵
↵
Observing this operations we want to handle, **SegmentTree** seems legit except for the remove, but we can wave it around by assigning INF to the position we want to remove. However if we don't have the **updateAll** then we can just use a **MULTISET**. And in fact if the remove is only to the minimum element then we can use a **HEAP**. However the four operations without any "workaround" can only be managed by a **DynamicSegmentTree** which in fact exists but is like using a bazooka to kill a simple mosquito.↵
↵
Interface of the Data Structure↵
---↵
~~~~~↵
classstruct VeniceSet {↵
void add(int);↵
void remove(int);↵
void updateAll(int); ↵
int getMin(); // custom for this problem↵
int size();↵
};↵
~~~~~↵
↵
↵
↵
Usage of this methods↵
---↵
So imaging we have this four operations, how can we tackle this problem with it. Well i will illustrate it with a simple code in C++ which i hope is self explanatory.↵
↵
~~~~~↵
VeniceSet mySet;↵
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {↵
mySet.add(V[i]);↵
mySet.updateAll(T[i]); // decrease all by T[i]↵
int total = T[i] * mySet.size(); // we subtracted T[i] from all elements↵
↵
// in fact some elements were already less than T[i]. So we probbaly are counting ↵
// more than what we really subtracted. So we look for all those elements↵
while (mySet.getMin() < 0) {↵
// get the negative number which we really did not subtracted T[i]↵
int toLow = mySet.getMin(); ↵
↵
// remove from total the amount we over counted↵
total -= abs(toLow);↵
↵
// remove it from the set since I will never be able to substract from it again↵
mySet.remove(toLow);↵
}↵
cout << total << endl;↵
}↵
cout << endl;↵
~~~~~↵
↵
Implementation of the Technique↵
---↵
As the title says I don't call it a data structure itself but this is a technique almost always backed up by a data structure. And now I am going to explain why I call it Venice technique. Imagine you have an empty land and the government can make queries of the following type: ↵
* Make a building with A floors. ↵
* Remove a building with B floors.↵
* Remove C floors from all the buildings. (A lot of buildings can be vanished)↵
* Which is the smallest standing building. (Obviously buildings which are already banished don't count)↵
↵
The operations 1,2 and 4 seems very easy with a set, but the 3 is very cost effective probably O(N) so you might need a lot of workers. But what if instead of removing C floors we just fill the streets with enough water (as in venice) to cover up the first C floors of all the buildings :O. Well that seems like cheating but at least those floor are now vanished :). So in order to do that we apart from the SET we can maintain a global variable which is the water level. so in fact if we have an element and want to know the number of floors it has we can just do `height - water_level` and in fact after water level is for example 80. If we want to make a building of 3 floors we must make it of 83 floors so that it can tough the land. So the implementation of this technique might look like this.↵
↵
~~~~~↵
classstruct VeniceSet {↵
multiset<int> S;↵
int water_level = 0;↵
void add(int v) {↵
S.insert(v + water_level);↵
}↵
void remove(int v) {↵
S.erase(S.find(v + water_level));↵
}↵
void updateAll(int v) {↵
water_level += v;↵
}↵
int getMin() {↵
return *S.begin() - water_level;↵
}↵
int size() {↵
return S.size();↵
}↵
};↵
~~~~~↵
↵
Variations↵
---↵
There were other solutions using binary search, which is good however binary search as well as segment tree can not be applied to other variations of this problem. I don't remember any other link however I imagine you have [this](http://codeforces.net/problemset/problem/923/C) problem which coincidencially is from the exact SAME contest but in the Trie we use we want to XOR all the elements already in the set. In this case the exact SAME technique we can use is applicable on a Trie. So as my experience is, this technique is a lightweight modification that can be applied to all DataStructures that support (add, remove and query) and only need the operation (updateAll).
---↵
Recently saw [this](http://codeforces.net/problemset/problem/923/B) problem. For some this problem might seem like a segment tree problem and it is indeed one. However this problem and others where segment tree does not apply can be solved using another approach. I will rephrase the problem in a simpler way. We want a data structure capable of doing three main update-operations and some sort of query. The three modify operations are:↵
↵
**add**: Add an element to the set.↵
↵
**remove**: Remove an element from the set.↵
↵
**updateAll**: This one normally changes in this case subtract X from **ALL** the elements. For this technique it is completely required that the update is done to **ALL** the values in the set equally.↵
↵
And also for this problem in particular we may need one query:↵
↵
**getMin**: Give me the smallest number in the set.↵
↵
Observing this operations we want to handle, **SegmentTree** seems legit except for the remove, but we can wave it around by assigning INF to the position we want to remove. However if we don't have the **updateAll** then we can just use a **MULTISET**. And in fact if the remove is only to the minimum element then we can use a **HEAP**. However the four operations without any "workaround" can only be managed by a **DynamicSegmentTree** which in fact exists but is like using a bazooka to kill a simple mosquito.↵
↵
Interface of the Data Structure↵
---↵
~~~~~↵
void add(int);↵
void remove(int);↵
void updateAll(int); ↵
int getMin(); // custom for this problem↵
int size();↵
};↵
~~~~~↵
↵
↵
↵
Usage of this methods↵
---↵
So imaging we have this four operations, how can we tackle this problem with it. Well i will illustrate it with a simple code in C++ which i hope is self explanatory.↵
↵
~~~~~↵
VeniceSet mySet;↵
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {↵
mySet.add(V[i]);↵
mySet.updateAll(T[i]); // decrease all by T[i]↵
int total = T[i] * mySet.size(); // we subtracted T[i] from all elements↵
↵
// in fact some elements were already less than T[i]. So we probbaly are counting ↵
// more than what we really subtracted. So we look for all those elements↵
while (mySet.getMin() < 0) {↵
// get the negative number which we really did not subtracted T[i]↵
int toLow = mySet.getMin(); ↵
↵
// remove from total the amount we over counted↵
total -= abs(toLow);↵
↵
// remove it from the set since I will never be able to substract from it again↵
mySet.remove(toLow);↵
}↵
cout << total << endl;↵
}↵
cout << endl;↵
~~~~~↵
↵
Implementation of the Technique↵
---↵
As the title says I don't call it a data structure itself but this is a technique almost always backed up by a data structure. And now I am going to explain why I call it Venice technique. Imagine you have an empty land and the government can make queries of the following type: ↵
* Make a building with A floors. ↵
* Remove a building with B floors.↵
* Remove C floors from all the buildings. (A lot of buildings can be vanished)↵
* Which is the smallest standing building. (Obviously buildings which are already banished don't count)↵
↵
The operations 1,2 and 4 seems very easy with a set, but the 3 is very cost effective probably O(N) so you might need a lot of workers. But what if instead of removing C floors we just fill the streets with enough water (as in venice) to cover up the first C floors of all the buildings :O. Well that seems like cheating but at least those floor are now vanished :). So in order to do that we apart from the SET we can maintain a global variable which is the water level. so in fact if we have an element and want to know the number of floors it has we can just do `height - water_level` and in fact after water level is for example 80. If we want to make a building of 3 floors we must make it of 83 floors so that it can tough the land. So the implementation of this technique might look like this.↵
↵
~~~~~↵
multiset<int> S;↵
int water_level = 0;↵
void add(int v) {↵
S.insert(v + water_level);↵
}↵
void remove(int v) {↵
S.erase(S.find(v + water_level));↵
}↵
void updateAll(int v) {↵
water_level += v;↵
}↵
int getMin() {↵
return *S.begin() - water_level;↵
}↵
int size() {↵
return S.size();↵
}↵
};↵
~~~~~↵
↵
Variations↵
---↵
There were other solutions using binary search, which is good however binary search as well as segment tree can not be applied to other variations of this problem. I don't remember any other link however I imagine you have [this](http://codeforces.net/problemset/problem/923/C) problem which coincidencially is from the exact SAME contest but in the Trie we use we want to XOR all the elements already in the set. In this case the exact SAME technique we can use is applicable on a Trie. So as my experience is, this technique is a lightweight modification that can be applied to all DataStructures that support (add, remove and query) and only need the operation (updateAll).
