#include<cstdio>
const int MAX_V = 201;
bool achieve[MAX_V];
void solve() {
    int n, x;
    scanf("%d%d", &n, &x);
    for(int i = 1; i <= n + x; i++) {
        achieve[i] = false;
    }
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        int ranking;
        scanf("%d", &ranking);
        achieve[ranking] = true;
    }
    for(int k = n + x; k > 0; k--) {
        int v = 0;
        for(int i = 1; i <= k; i++) {
            if(!achieve[i]) v++;
        }
        if(v <= x) {
            printf("%d\n", k);
            return;
        }
    }
}
int main() {
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--) solve();
    return 0;
}

#include<cstdio>
const int SIZE = 200000;
int p[SIZE];
int ans[SIZE][2];
int ans_cnt;
bool judge(int a[], int n){
    static int used[SIZE+1];
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) used[i] = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) used[a[i]] = 1;
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        if(!used[i]) return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}
bool judge(int len1, int n){
    return judge(p, len1) && judge(p + len1, n - len1);
}
int main() {
    int t = 0;
    scanf("%d", &t);
    while(t--) {
        ans_cnt = 0;
        int n;
        scanf("%d", &n);
        int ma=0;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            scanf("%d", &p[i]);
            if(ma < p[i]) ma = p[i];
        }
        if(judge(n - ma,n)) {
            ans[ans_cnt][0] = n - ma;
            ans[ans_cnt++][1] = ma;
        }
        if(ma * 2 != n && judge(ma,n)) {
            ans[ans_cnt][0] = ma;
            ans[ans_cnt++][1] = n - ma;
        }
        printf("%d\n", ans_cnt);
        for(int i = 0; i < ans_cnt; i++) {
            printf("%d %d\n", ans[i][0], ans[i][1]);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
const int SIZE = 100002;
int len[SIZE];
long long suffix_sum[SIZE];
void err() {puts("-1");}
void solve() {
    int N, M;
    scanf("%d%d", &N, &M);
    for(int i = 1; i <= M; i++) {
        scanf("%d", &len[i]);
        if(len[i] + i - 1 > N) {
            err();
            return;
        }
    }
    for(int i = M; i > 0; i--) {
        suffix_sum[i] = suffix_sum[i + 1] + len[i];
    }
    if(suffix_sum[1] < N) {
        err();
        return;
    }
    for(int i = 1; i <= M; i++) {
        printf("%lld", std::max((long long)i, N - suffix_sum[i] + 1));
        if(i < M) putchar(' ');
        else puts("");
    }
}
int main() {
    solve();
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
void solve(){
    int d, m;
    scanf("%d%d",&d, &m);
    long long answer=1;
    for(int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
        if(d < (1 << i)) break;
        answer = answer * (std::min((1 << (i+1)) - 1, d) - (1 << i) + 2) % m;
    }
    answer--;
    if(answer < 0) answer += m;
    printf("%lld\n",answer);
}
int main() {
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int SIZE = 1<<20;
int INF = 1000000001;
pair<int, int> a[SIZE];
int final_v[SIZE];
bool used[SIZE];
int h, g;
void pull(int id) {
    while(a[id] > min(a[id<<1], a[(id<<1)|1])) {
        if(a[id<<1] < a[(id << 1) | 1]) {
            swap(a[id<<1], a[id]);
            id <<= 1;
        }
        else {
            swap(a[(id<<1)|1], a[id]);
            id = (id << 1) | 1;
        }
        if(id >= (1 << h)) return;
    }
}
void solve() {
    scanf("%d%d", &h, &g);
    long long an = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i < (1 << h); i++) {
        used[i] = 0;
        scanf("%d", &a[i].first);
        a[i].second = i;
        final_v[i] = 0;
    }
    h--;
    for(int lv = h - 1; lv >= 0; lv--) {
        int ll = 1 << lv;
        int rr = 1 << (lv + 1);
        for(int i = ll; i < rr; i++) {
            pair<int, int> tmp = a[i];
            int bot = i << (h - lv);
            a[i] = a[bot];
            a[bot] = make_pair(INF, 0);
            pull(i);
            if(lv < g) {
                int need_mi = max(final_v[i * 2], final_v[i * 2 + 1]);
                while(a[i].first < need_mi) {
                    a[i] = make_pair(INF, 0);
                    pull(i);
                }
                an += final_v[i] = a[i].first;
                used[a[i].second] = 1;
                a[i] = tmp;
                pull(i);
            }
            else {
                a[bot] = tmp;
            }
        }
    }
    printf("%lld\n", an);
    bool first_time = true;
    for(int i = (1 << (h + 1)) - 1; i > 0; i--) {
        if(!used[i]) {
            if(!first_time) printf(" ");
            else first_time = false;
            printf("%d", i);
        }
    }
    puts("");
}
int main(){
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--) solve();
    return 0;
}

//#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

//defines
typedef long long ll;
typedef long double ld;
#define TIME clock() * 1.0 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC
#define prev _prev
#define y0 _y0
#define kill _kill

//permanent constants
const ld pi = acos(-1.0);
const int day[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};
const int digarr[10] = {6, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 7, 6};
const int dx[4] = {0, 1, 0, -1};
const int dy[4] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
const int dxo[8] = {-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0};
const int dyo[8] = {-1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1};
const int alf = 26;
const int dig = 10;
const int two = 2;
const int th = 3;
const ll prost = 239;
const ll btc = 30;
const ld eps = 1e-8;
const ll INF = (ll)(1e18 + 239);
const int BIG = (int)(1e9 + 239);
const int MOD = 1e9 + 7; //

//random
mt19937 rnd(239); //(chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());

//constants
const int M = (int)(2e5 + 239);
const int N = (int)(2e3 + 239);
const int L = 20;
const int T = (1 << 20) + 239;
const int B = 500;
const int X = 35;
const int T2 = 2 * T;

int h, g, a[T2], n;
bool mark[T];
int id[T], buf[T], timer;

bool cmp(int i, int j)
{
    return (a[i] < a[j]);
}

int pos;

void dfs_write(int p)
{
    id[pos++] = p;
    if (2 * p + 1 <= n)
    {
        dfs_write(2 * p);
        dfs_write(2 * p + 1);
    }
}

int dfs(int p, int sz)
{
    if ((1 << (g - 1)) <= p && p < (1 << g))
    {
        int l = timer;
        timer += sz;
        pos = l;
        dfs_write(p);
        sort(id + l, id + l + sz, cmp);
        mark[id[l]] = true;
        return id[l];
    }
    int l = timer;
    int new_sz = ((sz - 1) / 2);
    int s1 = dfs(2 * p, new_sz);
    int s2 = dfs(2 * p + 1, new_sz);
    merge(id + l, id + l + new_sz, id + l + new_sz, id + l + new_sz + new_sz, buf, cmp);
    buf[sz - 1] = p;
    for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
        id[i + l] = buf[i];
    timer++;
    if (cmp(s1, s2))
        s1 = s2;
    for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
        if (cmp(s1, id[i + l]))
        {
            mark[id[i + l]] = true;
            return id[i + l];
        }
    return 0;
}

void rm(int i)
{
    if (a[2 * i] == 0 && a[2 * i + 1] == 0)
    {
        a[i] = 0;
        mark[i] = false;
        return;
    }
    if (a[2 * i] > a[2 * i + 1])
    {
        a[i] = a[2 * i];
        mark[i] = mark[2 * i];
        rm(2 * i);
    }
    else
    {
        a[i] = a[2 * i + 1];
        mark[i] = mark[2 * i + 1];
        rm(2 * i + 1);
    }
}

void dfs_ans(int p)
{
    while (a[p] != 0 && !mark[p])
    {
        cout << p << " ";
        rm(p);
    }
    if (a[p] == 0)
        return;
    dfs_ans(2 * p);
    dfs_ans(2 * p + 1);
}

void solve()
{
    cin >> h >> g;
    n = (1 << h) - 1;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        cin >> a[i];
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        mark[i] = false;
    timer = 0;
    dfs(1, n);
    ll ans = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        if (mark[i])
            ans += a[i];
    cout << ans << "\n";
    dfs_ans(1);
    cout << "\n";
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
        a[i] = 0;
}

int32_t main()
{
#ifdef ONPC
    freopen("input", "r", stdin);
#endif
    ios::sync_with_stdio(0); cin.tie(0); cout.tie(0);
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while (t--)
        solve();
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int SIZE = 2e5+10;
char s[SIZE];
int cnt[SIZE];
int cc[26];
int all_cnt;
int ma;
void update_ma() {
    while(ma > 0 && !cnt[ma]) ma--;
}
void dec1(int id) {
    cnt[cc[id]]--;
    cc[id]--;
    cnt[cc[id]]++;
}
pair<int, int> stk[SIZE];
int sn;
int m;
int now;
int last_len;
void add(int i, bool flag) {
    if(flag) {
        dec1(stk[sn - 1].second);
        dec1(stk[i].second);
        all_cnt -= 2;
        printf("%d %d\n",now + 1, now + stk[i].first);
        update_ma();
        sn--;
        now -= stk[sn].first;
        if(i + 1 < m) {
            stk[i + 1].first += stk[sn].first;
        }
        else{
            last_len += stk[sn].first;
        }
    }
    else {
        stk[sn++] = stk[i];
        now += stk[i].first;
    }
}
void solve(){
    scanf("%s", s);
    int n = strlen(s);
    all_cnt = 0;
    int lt = 0;
    m = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        if(s[i] == s[i - 1]) {
            cc[s[i] - 'a']++;
            all_cnt++;
            stk[m++] = make_pair(i - lt, (int)(s[i] - 'a'));
            lt = i;
        }
    }
    last_len = n - lt;
    ma = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
        cnt[cc[i]]++;
        ma = max(ma, cc[i]);
    }
    printf("%d\n", 1 + max(ma, (all_cnt + 1) / 2));
    if(ma * 2 < all_cnt) {
        sn = now = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            add(i, sn && stk[sn - 1].second != stk[i].second && ma * 2 < all_cnt);
        }
        m = sn;
    }
    int main_id = -1;
    for(int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
        if(cc[i] == ma) main_id = i;
    }
    sn = now = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        add(i, sn && ((stk[sn - 1].second == main_id) ^ (stk[i].second == main_id)));
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < sn; i++) {
        printf("%d %d\n",1 ,stk[i].first);
    }
    printf("%d %d\n", 1, last_len);
    memset(cc, 0, sizeof(cc));
    memset(cnt, 0, sizeof(int) * (ma + 1));
}
int main(){
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    for(int i = 1; i <= T; i++) solve();
    return 0;
}